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Spatial co-ordinations are initially random, and will automatically re-arrange to minimize complexity based on distance between relationships. Mouse down and drag to pan. Right click on the strategic diagram toggles between motion and stationary. Hover over abstract node (orange) to view abstractions. Hover over leaf node to view corresponding narrative. Left click on the leaf node expands the narrative to view full text.

Narrative Analysis - Report

Key Focus

Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123 ...

Coastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122 ...

Shore-to-ship missiles [ ] aim to strike enemy naval surface vessels from ground-based launch positions. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121 ...

Momentum supporting factors

(reconnaissance,track,firepower)

(reconnaissance,track,situational,firepower)

(various,intelligence,track,firepower)

(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower)

(various,reconnaissance,track,firepower)

(reconnaissance,firepower,tronic)

(reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,tronic)

(reconnaissance,intelligence,track,tronic)

(reconnaissance,track,situational,tronic)

(various,attacks,domains,tronic)

(various,attacks,sea,tronic)

(various,firepower,sea,tronic)

(various,intelligence,firepower,tronic)

(various,intelligence,track,tronic)

(various,intelligence,tronic)

Challenge supporting factors

(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,intelli)

(reconnaissance,campaign,intelli)

(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intelli)

(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,intelli)

(various,reconnaissance,ligence,intelli)

(reconnaissance,campaign,gence)

(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,gence)

(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,gence)

(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,gence)

(various,reconnaissance,ligence,gence)

(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,intelligence)

(reconnaissance,campaign,intelligence)

(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intelligence)

(various,campaign,intelligence)

(various,reconnaissance,ligence,intelligence)

Work-in-progress supporting factors

(various,firepower,fire,pla)

(various,firepower,fire,conceptualization)

(various,firepower,fire,antisea)

(various,firepower,strikes,strike)

(various,attacks,information-based,nonkinetic)

(various,pla,fire,antisea)

(various,pla,antisea,firepower)

(various,military,targets,track)

(various,communications,infrastructure,fixed)

(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower)

(various,intelligence,warning)

(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,warning)

(various,reconnaissance,track,situational)

(various,reconnaissance,track,domains)

(reconnaissance,track,situational,sors)

Time Period	Challenge	Momentum	WIP
Report	12.32	26.62	61.07

High Level Abstraction (HLA) combined

High Level Abstraction (HLA)	Report
(1) (various,pla,fire,antisea)	100.00
(2) (various,firepower,fire,pla)	91.65
(3) (various,firepower,fire,conceptualization)	91.11
(4) (various,firepower,fire,antisea)	90.02
(5) (various,reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower)	77.87
(6) (various,pla,fire,conceptualization)	76.59
(7) (various,pla,fire,artillery)	75.82
(8) (various,reconnaissance,track,situational)	67.92
(9) (various,reconnaissance,track,domains)	66.97
(10) (various,reconnaissance,sary,adver)	64.32
(11) (various,firepower,attacks,domains)	62.13
(12) (various,firepower,attacks,sea)	61.77
(13) (various,reconnaissance,ligence,intel)	61.30
(14) (various,firepower,fire,artillery)	57.73
(15) (various,firepower,strikes,strike)	53.75
(16) (various,pla,antisea,conceptualization)	53.54
(17) (various,pla,artillery,conceptualization)	53.48
(18) (various,pla,artillery,antisea)	53.34
(19) (various,attacks,information-based,nonkinetic)	48.64
(20) (various,pla,fire,fortresses)	46.13
(21) (various,pla,conceptualization,fortresses)	45.87
(22) (various,pla,artillery,firepower)	45.83
(23) (various,pla,antisea,firepower)	45.77
(24) (reconnaissance,track,sary,adver)	44.28
(25) (various,military,targets,track)	40.50
(26) (reconnaissance,track,firepower)	39.69
(27) (various,communications,infrastructure,fixed)	39.64
(28) (reconnaissance,track,situational,firepower)	39.59
(29) (various,intelligence,track,firepower)	39.26
(30) (various,communications,fixed,services)	38.94
(31) (various,communications,fixed,mobile)	38.79
(32) (various,reconnaissance,track,firepower)	38.29
(33) (reconnaissance,campaign,intel,intelli)	38.23
(34) (various,communications,commu,nodes)	38.20
(35) (reconnaissance,campaign,intelli)	38.14
(36) (reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intelli)	38.13
(37) (various,reconnaissance,intelligence,intelli)	38.08
(38) (various,reconnaissance,ligence,intelli)	37.81
(39) (reconnaissance,campaign,gence)	37.76
(40) (reconnaissance,campaign,intel,gence)	37.75
(41) (reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intel)	37.69
(42) (reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,gence)	37.69
(43) (various,reconnaissance,intelligence,gence)	37.64
(44) (various,reconnaissance,ligence,gence)	37.37
(45) (various,intelligence,warning)	37.36
(46) (various,reconnaissance,intelligence,warning)	37.10
(47) (reconnaissance,firepower,tronic)	36.96
(48) (reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,tronic)	36.87
(49) (reconnaissance,intelligence,track,tronic)	36.34
(50) (reconnaissance,track,situational,tronic)	36.22
(51) (various,attacks,domains,tronic)	36.13
(52) (various,attacks,sea,tronic)	36.07
(53) (various,firepower,sea,tronic)	36.03
(54) (various,intelligence,firepower,tronic)	35.87
(55) (various,intelligence,track,tronic)	35.84
(56) (various,intelligence,tronic)	35.83
(57) (various,reconnaissance,firepower,tronic)	35.68
(58) (various,reconnaissance,intelligence,tronic)	35.44
(59) (various,reconnaissance,situational,tronic)	35.34
(60) (various,reconnaissance,track,tronic)	35.33
(61) (reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,track)	35.27
(62) (various,attacks,domains,track)	34.86
(63) (various,attacks,sea,track)	34.80
(64) (various,firepower,sea,track)	34.75
(65) (various,reconnaissance,intelligence,track)	34.51
(66) (various,intelligence,firepower,situational)	34.35
(67) (various,intelligence,track,situational)	34.29
(68) (various,reconnaissance,firepower,situational)	34.24
(69) (reconnaissance,track,situational,domains)	33.89
(70) (various,reconnaissance,situational,domains)	33.65
(71) (reconnaissance,track,situational,sors)	33.42
(72) (various,reconnaissance,situational,sors)	33.33
(73) (various,reconnaissance,track,sors)	33.27
(74) (reconnaissance,track,situational,sen)	33.26
(75) (various,reconnaissance,situational,sen)	33.20
(76) (various,reconnaissance,track,sen)	33.14
(77) (various,intelligence,firepower,sea)	32.91
(78) (various,intelligence,track,sea)	32.83
(79) (various,reconnaissance,firepower,sea)	32.82
(80) (various,intelligence,firepower,elec)	32.67
(81) (various,reconnaissance,firepower,elec)	32.46
(82) (various,reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility)	32.06
(83) (reconnaissance,track,sary,psycho)	32.02
(84) (various,reconnaissance,sary,psycho)	31.93
(85) (reconnaissance,track,sary,nodes)	31.87
(86) (various,reconnaissance,sary,nodes)	31.78
(87) (various,reconnaissance,mand,intelligence)	31.72
(88) (various,intelligence,tem)	31.67
(89) (various,reconnaissance,mand,tem)	31.64
(90) (various,reconnaissance,mand,sys)	31.62
(91) (various,reconnaissance,ligence,real-time)	31.59
(92) (various,reconnaissance,mand,real-time)	31.58
(93) (various,reconnaissance,ligence,pla)	31.56
(94) (various,reconnaissance,mand,pla)	31.55
(95) (various,reconnaissance,mand,ment)	31.53
(96) (reconnaissance,campaign,intel,intelligence)	31.50
(97) (reconnaissance,campaign,intelligence)	31.17
(98) (reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intelligence)	30.88
(99) (various,campaign,intelligence)	30.79
(100) (various,reconnaissance,ligence,intelligence)	30.76

Supporting narratives:

Please refer to knowledge diagram for a complete set of supporting narratives.

momentum - Back to HLA

The reconnaissance intelligence system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for the physical domains of air, sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities to defend against and respond to the adversary's network, elec tronic, and psychological attacks against components of the firepower warfare operational system ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,domains,tronic)
(various,firepower,sea,tronic)
(various,firepower,sea,track)
(various,reconnaissance,track,domains)
(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,track)
(various,intelligence,track,tronic)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,track,tronic)
(various,reconnaissance,firepower,tronic)
(various,firepower,attacks,domains)
(various,reconnaissance,track,tronic)
(various,attacks,sea,track)
(various,reconnaissance,situational,domains)
(various,attacks,sea,tronic)
(various,reconnaissance,track,firepower)
(various,reconnaissance,firepower,situational)
(various,reconnaissance,firepower,sea)
(various,attacks,domains,track)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,tronic)
(various,reconnaissance,firepower,elec)
(various,intelligence,track,firepower)
(various,attacks,sea,reconnaissance)
(reconnaissance,track,firepower)
(various,intelligence,firepower,situational)
(various,intelligence,tronic)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,track)
(various,intelligence,firepower,elec)
(various,intelligence,firepower,tronic)
(various,firepower,attacks,reconnaissance)
(reconnaissance,track,situational,tronic)
(various,intelligence,firepower,sea)
(reconnaissance,track,situational,firepower)
(reconnaissance,track,situational,domains)
(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,tronic)
(reconnaissance,firepower,tronic)
(various,intelligence,track,sea)
(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower)
(various,reconnaissance,situational,tronic)
(various,firepower,attacks,sea)
(various,reconnaissance,track,situational)
(various,intelligence,track,situational)
(various,attacks,domains,reconnaissance)
Inferred entity relationships (70)
(reconnaissance,situational,track,tronic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,sors,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,situational,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,situational,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,firepower,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,various,wage) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,ture,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,sors,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,situational,various) [inferred]
(elec,firepower,intelligence,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,sea,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(attacks,sea,tronic,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,ing,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,sea,targets,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,track,various) [inferred]
(firepower,sea,track,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,thissystem) [inferred]
(firepower,sea,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(attacks,sea,track,various) [inferred]
(domains,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,situational,track) [inferred]
(domains,reconnaissance,situational,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,thissystem) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(domains,firepower,strike,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,ture,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(elec,firepower,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,sea,track,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,track,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,tronic,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(domains,reconnaissance,situational,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,tronic,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Psychological reconnaissance [ ] focuses on the adver sary's susceptibility to various psychological warfare operations and monitors attempts by the adversary to conduct psychological warfare operations ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,sary,adver)
(various,reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility)
Inferred entity relationships (4)
(reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility,various) [inferred]
(adver,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,uavs) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

When carrying out joint firepower operations in support of vari ous campaigns, the firepower warfare operational system's functions are the first to conduct firepower strikes against the adversary's opera tional and strategic depth ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,firepower,strikes,vari)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(firepower,strikes,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,tional,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,tecture,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

When carrying out joint firepower operations in support of vari ous campaigns, the firepower warfare operational system's functions are the first to conduct firepower strikes against the adversary's opera tional and strategic depth. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,firepower,strikes,tional)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(firepower,strikes,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,tecture,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,vari,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Communications support [ ] is the provision of infor mation transmission to enable "the unimpeded transmission of opera tional command, coordination, rear and reporting information."258 Carried out by communications support units of various services, it includes the setting up and maintenance of multiple, redundant con nections between trunk nodes and military-civilian communication systems to achieve the "unimpeded flow of communication" between the command organization system and subordinate units.259 Commu nications support makes use of a variety of fixed and mobile commu nications equipment and uses fiber-optic cables, microwaves, satellite, radio, troposcatter, and airborne communications as the channels to transmit data.260 Because of the threat of wiretapping, electronic jam ming, computer network attack, and conventional destructive attacks, communications support also requires setting up necessary defenses to mitigate such attacks to ensure efficient communications in wartime.261 This support, according to some sources, is part of the information support system, explored in the next section ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,attack,nications)
(various,communications,nodes,attacks)
(various,communications,commu,wiretapping)
(various,attacks,attack,communications)
(various,attacks,communications,wartime)
(various,attacks,communications,wiretapping)
(various,attacks,communications,trunk)
(various,attacks,attack,commu)
(various,attacks,communications,commu)
(various,communications,nodes,trunk)
(various,communications,services,attacks)
(various,communications,fixed,services)
(various,communications,fixed,nications)
(various,communications,services,commu)
(various,communications,fixed,mobile)
(various,communications,commu,nications)
(various,communications,services,nications)
(various,communications,fixed,commu)
(various,communications,commu,trunk)
(various,attacks,communications,nications)
(various,communications,nodes,nications)
(various,attacks,communications,troposcatter)
(various,communications,nodes,wartime)
(various,communications,commu,wartime)
(various,communications,services,wiretapping)
(various,communications,nodes,wiretapping)
(various,communications,services,wartime)
(various,communications,commu,nodes)
Inferred entity relationships (33)
(attacks,communications,troposcatter,various) [inferred]
(communications,nications,nodes,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,nodes,trunk,various) [inferred]
(attacks,communications,nications,various) [inferred]
(attacks,communications,services,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,information-based,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,fixed,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,nications,various) [inferred]
(attacks,communications,various,wartime) [inferred]
(commu,communications,nications,various) [inferred]
(communications,services,various,wartime) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,firepower,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,various,wiretapping) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,domains,various) [inferred]
(communications,services,various,wiretapping) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,commu,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,nodes,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,mobile,various) [inferred]
(attacks,communications,nodes,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,services,various) [inferred]
(attacks,communications,various,wiretapping) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,communications,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,infrastructure,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,services,various) [inferred]
(attacks,commu,communications,various) [inferred]
(communications,nications,services,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,various,wartime) [inferred]
(commu,communications,trunk,various) [inferred]
(communications,nodes,various,wartime) [inferred]
(communications,nodes,various,wiretapping) [inferred]
(attacks,communications,trunk,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,nications,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Its purpose is to wage information warfare while defending against adversary attacks in the cyber, electronic, and cognitive domains.16 It includes: ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,domains,wage)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(attacks,domains,firepower,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,track,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,ture,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,tronic,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Coastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,fire,artillery)
(various,pla,artillery,tant)
(various,pla,fire,conceptualization)
(various,pla,fire,antisea)
(various,pla,artillery,antisea)
(various,pla,artillery,fortresses)
(various,pla,fortresses,tant)
(various,pla,fire,fortresses)
(various,pla,artillery,conceptualization)
(various,pla,conceptualization,fortresses)
(various,pla,antisea,fortresses)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(artillery,pla,tant,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(fire,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(artillery,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(fortresses,pla,tant,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Naval campaign groups [ ] aim to carry out vari ous offensive and defensive campaign tasks.117 Based on the campaign and campaign conditions, these naval groups'functions are to engage in (1) naval mobile warfare [ ], (2) naval positional warfare [ ], and/or (3) naval sabotage warfare [ ].118 Such groups primarily comprise attack submarines and various surface com batants and may be augmented by aircraft and support forces.119 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,campaign,sabotage,vari)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(campaign,sabotage,strikes,various) [inferred]
(campaign,sabotage,strike,various) [inferred]
(campaign,sabotage,targets,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Reconnaissance UAVs do this by using the same suite of reconnaissance capabilities as reconnaissance aircraft.205. Early-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206 There are a number of functions commonly associated with these types of aircraft: ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,sary,adver)
Inferred entity relationships (4)
(reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,various) [inferred]
(adver,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,uavs) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

The technical support system [ ] provides all hardware and software necessary for C2 system and command post system operations.56 For the C2 system, this includes computer net works, command platforms, specialized command platforms (e.g., for operations, reconnaissance, information warfare), and equipment to display various information sources, including live video teleconfer ence, maps, and the COP, which shows the dispositions and actions of friendly and enemy forces in real time.57 For the command post system, this includes the systems that provide command post electric ity, environmental controls, and prevention of electromagnetic interfer ence and electromagnetic leaks.58 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,equipment,video)
(reconnaissance,equipment,electromagnetic,teleconfer)
(reconnaissance,equipment,electromagnetic,ence)
(reconnaissance,equipment,various)
(reconnaissance,equipment,ence)
(reconnaissance,equipment,electromagnetic,various)
(reconnaissance,equipment,electromagnetic,video)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,teleconfer) [inferred]
(ence,equipment,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Based on what we understand about the information operational system from a 2013 source, this operational system comprises four of the five major subsystems mentioned earlier: the information operations command system, the information operations reconnaissance system, the information operations support system and the information con frontation system and its two subsystems: the information operations defense system and the information operations offense system.13The information operations command system under the infor mation operational system is likely commanded by a deputy of the joint campaign commander and is run by the information operations department [ ] of the joint campaign command organi zation.14 Based on the nature of the command organization system and the number of tiers of command it contains, subordinate informa tion operations departments would be also be attached to a service's basic campaign formation (two-tier system) in a medium-scale cam paign and possibly a service's high-level campaign formation/campaign direction command organization (three-tier system) in a large-scale campaign ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,campaign,service)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(campaign,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

We only know what is readily available in the literature, newspaper, and journal articles aimed at the PLA's rank-and-file members, as well as professional military education textbooks aimed at its future corps of senior officers. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,journal,textbooks)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

In the last two decades, the PLA has increasingly recognized that war is no longer a contest of annihilation between opposing military forces, but rather a clash between opposing operational systems.3 In this new reality, an enemy can be defeated if its operational system can be ren dered ineffective or outright unable to function through the destruc tion or degradation of key capabilities, weapons, or units that compose the system. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,annihilation,weapons)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(annihilation,military,pla,tion) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,pla,ren) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,paralyzing,pla) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

In the last two decades, the PLA has increasingly recognized that war is no longer a contest of annihilation between opposing military forces, but rather a clash between opposing operational systems.3 In this new reality, an enemy can be defeated if its operational system can be ren dered ineffective or outright unable to function through the destruc tion or degradation of key capabilities, weapons, or units that compose the system ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,annihilation,ren)
(pla,military,annihilation,tion)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(annihilation,military,pla,tion) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,pla,ren) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,pla,weapons) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,paralyzing,pla) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Unlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,campaign,campaigns,sys)
(pla,campaigns,tems)
(pla,campaign,campaigns,tems)
(pla,campaign,campaigns,purpose-built)
(pla,campaign,tems)
(pla,campaign,sys)
(pla,campaigns,purpose-built)
(pla,campaigns,sys)
Inferred entity relationships (16)
(campaign,campaigns,pla,porting) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,purpose-built) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,sys) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,various,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,purpose-built) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,military,pla) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,sup) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,tems) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,sup) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,tional) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,sys) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,wage) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,sys) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,tems) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,tems) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Unlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations.. . Command System. . The PLA's command system [ ] is the component system responsible for C2 within the operational system (Figure 3.1).5 For an operational system developed to carry out military campaigns at the theater level and lower, the command system would be responsible for commanding at a theater level down to a relatively low operational level ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,campaign,campaigns,porting)
(pla,campaigns,sup)
(pla,campaign,campaigns,sup)
Inferred entity relationships (11)
(campaign,campaigns,pla,porting) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,purpose-built) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,sys) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,purpose-built) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,sup) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,sys) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,wage) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,military,pla) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,tems) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,tems) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,sup) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

Finally, it looks at how the PLA builds its own system or systems - the operational system [ ] - to prosecute conflict in wartime, recognizing that such systems are specifically built and optimized for specific tasks within particular conflicts against particular opponents to meet particular operational requirements ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,conflict,wartime)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(conflict,pla,tation) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,waged) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,sys) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,war-fighting) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wars) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

The intelligence department [ ] supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41 The intelli gence department's functions are to (1) develop recommendations for reconnaissance intelligence support, (2) draft reconnaissance intel ligence plans, (3) organize and coordinate campaign reconnaissance intelligence support activities, (4) evaluate and organize joint intelli gence information through an intelligence database [ ], (5) share intelligence, (6) coordinate counter reconnaissance, and (7) fore cast and evaluate the employment of various operational effects.42 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,various)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,intel)
(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,gence)
(various,campaign,reconnaissance)
(reconnaissance,campaign,gence)
(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intelli)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,gence)
(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intel)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,various)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,mander)
(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,gence)
(various,campaign,intelligence)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,intelligence)
(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,mander)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intelligence)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,intelli)
(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,intelli)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,intelligence)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,gence)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intel,intelli)
(reconnaissance,campaign,intelli)
(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intelligence)
Inferred entity relationships (38)
(campaign,intel,mander,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelli,ligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,intelli,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,intelligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(campaign,gence,intel,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(campaign,intelligence,various) [inferred]
(campaign,reconnaissance,service) [inferred]
(campaign,intelligence,ligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(gence,ligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(campaign,ligence,mander,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,ligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(campaign,intelli,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intel,ligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(campaign,gence,ligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(campaign,ligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(campaign,gence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(campaign,intelligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(campaign,intelli,ligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intelligence,ligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,fire,artillery)
(various,pla,antisea,conceptualization)
(various,pla,fire,conceptualization)
(various,pla,fire,antisea)
(various,pla,artillery,antisea)
(various,firepower,fire,artillery)
(various,firepower,fire,antisea)
(various,firepower,fire,conceptualization)
(various,pla,artillery,conceptualization)
(various,firepower,fire,pla)
Inferred entity relationships (13)
(artillery,pla,tant,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(artillery,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(fire,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,military,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(artillery,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,pla,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(firepower,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

This can be done through various ways, including (1) supporting the achievement of the "three superiorities" (i.e., information, air, and maritime superiority) by helping to achieve information superiority through entity destruction attacks and by taking the lead in achieving air and sea superiority, (2) carrying out firepower blockades to support air and sea blockades, and (3) carry ing out supporting attacks against the adversary's operational system(Figure 4.1).9 The second function of the firepower warfare operational system in support of various campaigns is to support various engage ments through destroying/interdicting key battlefield targets, disrupt ing enemy lines of communication, and conducting firepower assaults against adversarial units engaged either in flanking maneuvers or in retreat.10 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,firepower,targets,sea)
(various,attacks,sea,ing)
(various,firepower,targets,ing)
(various,firepower,attacks,sea)
(various,firepower,targets,attacks)
(various,firepower,sea,blockades)
(various,firepower,sea,ing)
(various,firepower,attacks,ing)
(various,firepower,attacks,blockades)
(various,firepower,targets,blockades)
(various,firepower,targets,superiorities)
(various,attacks,sea,blockades)
Inferred entity relationships (14)
(blockades,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,ing,targets,various) [inferred]
(attacks,blockades,firepower,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,ing,various) [inferred]
(firepower,ing,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,sea,targets,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,ture,various) [inferred]
(blockades,firepower,sea,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,sea,various) [inferred]
(attacks,blockades,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,sea,track,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,sea,tronic,various) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,artillery,firepower)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(firepower,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

The operations department [ ] is responsible for sup porting the commander in managing and evaluating the various func tions of the operational system in its prosecution of the campaign, making sure each function is coordinated both internally with other levels and externally with other operational systems and other opera tions departments.39 The operations department's functions are to (1) fully understand the current battlefield situation, (2) develop situ ation reports, (3) draft campaign plans, (4) draft and transmit oper ational orders, (5) coordinate major operational activities between various strategic directions and joint operations activities, (6) develop operational support requirements, and (7) forecast and evaluate the employment of various operational effects.40 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,campaign,tions,situ)
(various,campaign,tions,func)
(various,campaign,tions,oper)
(various,campaign,tions,sup)
(various,campaign,tions,porting)

challenge - Back to HLA

Underwater acoustic reconnaissance [ ] intercepts enemy underwater communications, underwater control and guidance signals, and sonar to understand the characteristics of these sys tems and to "determine the types and characteristics of enemy naval vessels."224 Functions include intercepting the frequencies and bearings of sound emissions and analyzing these characteris tics for identification.225. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,tics)
(reconnaissance,communications,emissions,tics)
(reconnaissance,communications,tics)
Inferred entity relationships (15)
(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,intercepts,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sonars) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,tion) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sys) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,ture) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,tems) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sonar) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,vari) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

Underwater acoustic reconnaissance [ ] intercepts enemy underwater communications, underwater control and guidance signals, and sonar to understand the characteristics of these sys tems and to "determine the types and characteristics of enemy naval vessels."224 Functions include intercepting the frequencies and bearings of sound emissions and analyzing these characteris tics for identification.225 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,tems)
(reconnaissance,communications,emissions,sys)
(reconnaissance,communications,emissions,sonar)
(reconnaissance,communications,emissions,intercepts)
(reconnaissance,communications,emissions,tems)
Inferred entity relationships (12)
(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,intercepts,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,tics) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sonars) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tics) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sys) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,tems) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sonar) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,vari) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

microwave, and high-energy laser attacks.188 The functions of antide struction are (1) detecting incoming strikes before they occur; (2) using camouflage, concealment, decoys, and jamming equipment to thwart enemy attacks; (3) using engineering protection to build reinforced and underground spaces to house information systems and facilities; and shielding equipment and cables leading into underground facilities against electromagnetic pulse weapons.189 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,equipment,attacks)
(reconnaissance,equipment,electromagnetic,attacks)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,teleconfer) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

microwave, and high-energy laser attacks.188 The functions of antide struction are (1) detecting incoming strikes before they occur; (2) using camouflage, concealment, decoys, and jamming equipment to thwart enemy attacks; (3) using engineering protection to build reinforced and underground spaces to house information systems and facilities; and shielding equipment and cables leading into underground facilities against electromagnetic pulse weapons.189. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,equipment,electromagnetic,weapons)
(reconnaissance,equipment,weapons)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(electromagnetic,equipment,reconnaissance,teleconfer) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

The net effect of developing a highly integrated operational system comprising entities, structure, and elements is that such a system is thought to become greater than the sum of its subsystem parts.21 Should the functions of any subsystem become severely degraded, damaged, or destroyed, however, the same operational system can become less than the sum of its parts.22 Not surprisingly, the success or failure of modern joint integrated operations hinges on the "superiority or inferiority of the systems" themselves, and the "suitability or unsuitability of opera tional guidance" controlling the operational system.23 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,tional,unsuitability)
(pla,tional,subsystem)
(pla,tional,sum)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(pla,tional,vic) [inferred]

challenge - Back to HLA

While the PLA's theory of warfare embraces the concept of sys tems confrontation, its theory of victory in modern warfare is based on successfully waging system destruction warfare [ ].24 In general, system destruction warfare seeks to paralyze the functions of an enemy's operational system.25 According to this theory of vic tory, the enemy "loses the will and ability to resist" once its opera tional system cannot function.26 Paralysis can occur through kinetic and nonkinetic attacks, as either type of attack may be able to destroy or degrade key aspects of the enemy's operational system, thus render ing it ineffective ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,tional,paralyze,vic)
(pla,tional,vic)
(pla,tional,attacks,sys)
(pla,tional,paralyze,nonkinetic)
(pla,tional,nonkinetic,sys)
(pla,tional,nonkinetic,vic)
(pla,tional,paralyze,sys)
(pla,tional,paralyze,attacks)
(pla,tional,attacks,vic)
(pla,tional,attacks,tems)
(pla,tional,nonkinetic,attacks)
(pla,tional,paralyze,tems)
(pla,tional,nonkinetic,tems)
Inferred entity relationships (14)
(nonkinetic,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,targets,tional) [inferred]
(nonkinetic,pla,targets,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(nonkinetic,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(pla,tional,unsuitability) [inferred]
(nonkinetic,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,targets,tional) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]
(pla,tional,vic) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Elements [ ]: The operational system's elements are made up of various necessary factors, including the system's "command and control, reconnaissance intelligence, firepower, information confrontation, maneuver, protection, and support" capabilities.20 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower)
Inferred entity relationships (26)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,sea,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,situational,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,thissystem) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

The air reconnaissance intelligence system's [ ] purpose is to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnaissance, and early warning from airborne platforms. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,intelligence,warning)
(various,reconnaissance,intelligence,warning)
Inferred entity relationships (16)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

The information operations reconnaissance system [ ] of the information operational system comprises various sen sors and capabilities that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness in the cyber, electronic, and psychological domains. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,track,situational)
(various,reconnaissance,track,domains)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(reconnaissance,situational,track,tronic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,tronic,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,sors,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,sors,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(domains,reconnaissance,situational,track) [inferred]
(domains,reconnaissance,situational,various) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

The information operations reconnaissance system [ ] of the information operational system comprises various sen sors and capabilities that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness in the cyber, electronic, and psychological domains ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,track,sen)
(various,reconnaissance,track,sors)
(various,reconnaissance,situational,sors)
(various,reconnaissance,situational,sen)
(reconnaissance,track,situational,sors)
(reconnaissance,track,situational,sen)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(reconnaissance,situational,track,tronic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,tronic,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,sors,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,sors,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sen,situational,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,situational,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sen,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sen,situational,various) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

The information operations reconnaissance system [ ] provides strategic and battlefield reconnaissance of the adver sary's various electronic platforms, information networks, and psycho logical nodes ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,sary,various)
(reconnaissance,track,sary,adver)
(various,reconnaissance,sary,adver)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility,various) [inferred]
(adver,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,various) [inferred]
(adver,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,uavs) [inferred]

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The information operations reconnaissance system [ ] provides strategic and battlefield reconnaissance of the adver sary's various electronic platforms, information networks, and psycho logical nodes. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,sary,nodes)
(reconnaissance,track,sary,psycho)
(various,reconnaissance,sary,psycho)
(reconnaissance,track,sary,nodes)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,various) [inferred]
(nodes,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(psycho,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(psycho,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(nodes,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,uavs) [inferred]

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The intelligence acquisition system [ ] is either another name for the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system, detailed elsewhere in this chapter or, alternatively, the com mand information system's interface to access, control, and oversee these various intelligence platforms and units of the operational sys tem's reconnaissance intelligence system.67 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,mand,intelligence)
(various,reconnaissance,mand,sys)
Inferred entity relationships (2)
(mand,reconnaissance,sys,various) [inferred]
(mand,reconnaissance,tem,various) [inferred]

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The intelligence acquisition system [ ] is either another name for the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system, detailed elsewhere in this chapter or, alternatively, the com mand information system's interface to access, control, and oversee these various intelligence platforms and units of the operational sys tem's reconnaissance intelligence system.67. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,mand,tem)
(various,intelligence,tem)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(mand,reconnaissance,sys,various) [inferred]

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[that] implement command" among subordinate units.49 These systems are able to access, process, and transmit real-time operational information.50 Fed by various intel ligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets, subordinate PLA units, and other command information systems, this system fuses data and communication to allow operational commanders to effectively imple ment C2.51 Command information systems are resident in all com mand posts, at all levels of command, and even with many operational units ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,reconnaissance,mand,pla)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,intel)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,real-time)
(various,reconnaissance,mand,real-time)
(various,reconnaissance,mand,ment)
(various,reconnaissance,ligence,pla)

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Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,firepower,to-ship)
(various,pla,firepower,conceptualization)
(various,firepower,fire,antisea)
(various,firepower,fire,conceptualization)
(various,pla,antisea,to-ship)
(various,pla,fire,to-ship)
(various,firepower,fire,pla)
(various,pla,conceptualization,to-ship)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(fire,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,military,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,pla,various) [inferred]
(firepower,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,fire,pla,various) [inferred]

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Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,firepower,fire,conceptualization)
(various,firepower,fire,pla)
(various,firepower,fire,artillery)
(various,firepower,fire,antisea)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(fire,firepower,military,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,pla,various) [inferred]
(artillery,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(firepower,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,fire,pla,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]

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When carrying out the joint fire strike campaign, the firepower warfare operational system conducts offensive firepower assaults against various adversary targets to achieve (1) military deterrence; (2) crisis escalation through punitive strikes; (3) the paralysis or deg radation of enemy operational systems; (4) the destruction or sabotage of important adversarial military, political, or economic targets; and (5) the undermining of the adversary's morale.8 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,campaign,military,targets)
(various,campaign,targets)
(various,military,targets,sabotage)
(various,campaign,sabotage,strike)
(various,campaign,military,strikes)
(various,military,targets,strike)
(various,firepower,strikes,strike)
(various,campaign,military,strike)
(various,campaign,sabotage,military)
(various,military,targets,strikes)
(various,firepower,fire,targets)
(various,firepower,strike,targets)
(various,firepower,targets,military)
(various,firepower,fire,military)
(various,campaign,sabotage,strikes)
(various,firepower,strikes,targets)
(various,military,firepower)
(various,firepower,strike,military)
(various,campaign,sabotage,firepower)
(various,firepower,strikes,military)
(various,campaign,military,firepower)
(various,campaign,sabotage,targets)
Inferred entity relationships (33)
(firepower,strike,ture,various) [inferred]
(campaign,firepower,sabotage,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,strikes,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,targets,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,military,various) [inferred]
(campaign,sabotage,strike,various) [inferred]
(firepower,military,strike,various) [inferred]
(military,targets,various,weather) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,vari,various) [inferred]
(campaign,sabotage,strikes,various) [inferred]
(military,strike,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,military,strikes,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,strikes,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(military,strikes,targets,various) [inferred]
(campaign,sabotage,vari,various) [inferred]
(military,targets,track,various) [inferred]
(military,sabotage,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,military,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,tecture,various) [inferred]
(campaign,firepower,military,various) [inferred]
(fire,firepower,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,strike,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,targets,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,perceives,pla) [inferred]
(campaign,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,various,western_pla) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,tional,various) [inferred]
(firepower,military,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,sabotage,various) [inferred]
(campaign,sabotage,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,tecture,various) [inferred]

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The firepower strike system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various units, platforms, and personnel and has the ability to target and attack adversary systems, units, and infrastruc ture in all physical domains while it simultaneously seeks to prevent or mitigate adversary attacks in the information and electronic domains ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,firepower,strike,ture)
(various,firepower,strike,domains)
(various,attacks,attack,firepower)
(various,firepower,attacks,ture)
(various,attacks,attack,domains)
(various,firepower,attacks,domains)
(various,attacks,domains,ture)
Inferred entity relationships (22)
(attacks,domains,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,ture,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,commu,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,strikes,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,firepower,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,ing,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,communications,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,various,wage) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,targets,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(domains,firepower,strike,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,ture,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,information-based,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,nications,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,track,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,sea,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,ture,various) [inferred]
(attacks,firepower,targets,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,firepower,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,domains,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,tecture,various) [inferred]
(attacks,domains,tronic,various) [inferred]

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Although the literature provides few details, this architecture appears to include the physical nodes of the various essential elements previously mentioned.39 It likely includes the operational system's information acquisition and information transmission network, C2 network, and firepower strike network.40 It should be mentioned that striking the operational archi tecture is a target-heavy approach that could require numerous suc cessfully executed precision strikes against various components arrayed around a broad battlefield ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,firepower,strike,tecture)
(various,firepower,strikes,strike)
(various,firepower,strikes,tecture)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(firepower,strike,ture,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,strikes,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,targets,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,tional,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strike,tecture,various) [inferred]
(firepower,strikes,vari,various) [inferred]

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Early-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206 There are a number of functions commonly associated with these types of aircraft: ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,sary,various)
(reconnaissance,communications,various,track)
(reconnaissance,communications,various,sary)
(various,intelligence,track,sary)
(reconnaissance,communications,track)
(reconnaissance,communications,various,adver)
(reconnaissance,track,early-warning,various)
(reconnaissance,communications,various,intelligence)
(reconnaissance,track,sary,intelligence)
Inferred entity relationships (31)
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,uavs) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,tics) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,uavs) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,sys,track) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,ture) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]

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It does this through the hardware of computer servers as well as various software applications, including artifi cial intelligence technology, image processing technology, and infor mation fusion.286 The information processing platform has two main subsystems: ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,intelligence,technology)

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The information defense system's [ ] purpose is to pre vent or mitigate damage to information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and individual's morale in the electronic, information, and psychological realms.172 Such damage can be caused by numerous and various nonkinetic, kinetic, or psychological attacks. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,defense,nonkinetic)
(various,attacks,information-based,nonkinetic)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(attacks,information-based,various,vent) [inferred]
(attacks,defense,various,vent) [inferred]
(attacks,defense,information-based,various) [inferred]

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The information attack system's [ ] purpose is to degrade, damage, or destroy enemy information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and enemy personnel's morale in the electronic, information, and psychological realms.141 Such attacks can be conducted by various nonkinetic, kinetic, or psychological means. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,information-based,nonkinetic)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(attacks,information-based,various,vent) [inferred]

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The information defense system's [ ] purpose is to pre vent or mitigate damage to information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and individual's morale in the electronic, information, and psychological realms.172 Such damage can be caused by numerous and various nonkinetic, kinetic, or psychological attacks ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,defense,vent)
(various,attacks,information-based,defense)
(various,attacks,information-based,vent)
Inferred entity relationships (4)
(attacks,defense,various,vent) [inferred]
(attacks,information-based,nonkinetic,various) [inferred]
(attacks,defense,nonkinetic,various) [inferred]
(attacks,defense,information-based,various) [inferred]

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The information attack system's [ ] purpose is to degrade, damage, or destroy enemy information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and enemy personnel's morale in the electronic, information, and psychological realms.141 Such attacks can be conducted by various nonkinetic, kinetic, or psychological means ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,attacks,information-based,attack)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(attacks,information-based,various,vent) [inferred]
(attacks,information-based,nonkinetic,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,communications,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,commu,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,firepower,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,nications,various) [inferred]
(attack,attacks,domains,various) [inferred]

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The ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,fire,artillery)
(various,pla,fire,antisea)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(artillery,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(fire,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]

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Shore-to-ship missiles [ ] aim to strike enemy naval surface vessels from ground-based launch positions. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,fire,antisea)
(various,pla,antisea,conceptualization)
(various,pla,fire,conceptualization)
Inferred entity relationships (4)
(conceptualization,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(conceptualization,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]
(fire,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(antisea,fire,firepower,various) [inferred]

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The ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,fire,fortresses)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(fortresses,pla,tant,various) [inferred]

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Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,antisea,firepower)
(various,pla,artillery,firepower)
(various,pla,firepower,medium-range)
(various,pla,fortresses,firepower)
Inferred entity relationships (2)
(firepower,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]
(fortresses,pla,tant,various) [inferred]

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Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,antisea,firepower)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(firepower,pla,to-ship,various) [inferred]

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The ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,conceptualization,fortresses)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(fortresses,pla,tant,various) [inferred]

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Although Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics related to either the PLA's system of systems or how the PLA perceives articles other militaries'system of systems ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,defense,western_pla)
(pla,military,defense,various)
(pla,campaign,western_pla)
(various,pla,campaign,eration)
(pla,military,journal,defense)
(various,campaign,military,western_pla)
(pla,military,journal,chinese)
(pla,campaign,military,defense)
(pla,campaign,military,western_pla)
(various,pla,campaign,western_pla)
(pla,campaign,military,journal)
(pla,fighting,various)
(various,pla,campaign,military)
(pla,military,western_pla)
(pla,military,chinese,western_pla)
(pla,military,journal,western_pla)
(pla,military,journal,various)
(various,military,pla)
(pla,campaign,military,consid)
(pla,military,chinese,various)
(various,pla,campaign,journal)
(pla,campaign,military,eration)
Inferred entity relationships (37)
(defense,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,military,targets,various) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,various,western_pla) [inferred]
(chinese,military,perceives,pla) [inferred]
(campaign,journal,pla,various) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(defense,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,systems-based) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(defense,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,wars) [inferred]
(campaign,journal,military,pla) [inferred]
(campaign,military,strikes,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(defense,military,perceives,pla) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,wage) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,system-of-systems) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,textbooks) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,eration,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,strike,various) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,military,perceives,pla) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,various,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,eration,military,pla) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,tems) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,tional) [inferred]
(campaign,military,sabotage,various) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,sys) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Although Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics related to either the PLA's system of systems or how the PLA perceives articles other militaries'system of systems. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,campaign,military,perceives)
(various,pla,campaign,perceives)
(pla,military,defense,perceives)
(pla,fighting,perceives)
(pla,military,chinese,perceives)
Inferred entity relationships (13)
(defense,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,strikes,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,various,western_pla) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,military,targets,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(campaign,military,strike,various) [inferred]
(campaign,military,sabotage,various) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(defense,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(defense,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]

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Space operations group [ ]: The purpose of this group is to achieve strategic or campaign goals through com manding relevant space units. This group commands the PLA's various space units dedicated to the operation or campaign being prosecuted.24 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,pla,campaign,manding)

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For example, the main command post's operations department helps plan and organize all campaign opera tions for an entire operational system, service, or operations group. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,campaign,tions,service)

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Ocean surveillance satellites [ ] detect, identify, and track surface ships and submarines through either electronic reconnaissance or radar.199 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,reconnais,track)
(various,military,targets,track)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,sance,track)
Inferred entity relationships (23)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(military,targets,various,weather) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,self-defense) [inferred]

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These satellites also locate and track various military targets in poor weather and nighttime con ditions.198 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,military,targets,track)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(military,targets,various,weather) [inferred]

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These satellites also locate and track various military targets in poor weather and nighttime con ditions.198. Ocean surveillance satellites [ ] detect, identify, and track surface ships and submarines through either electronic reconnaissance or radar.199 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,military,targets,weather)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(military,targets,track,various) [inferred]

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These satellites also locate and track various military targets in poor weather and nighttime con ditions.198. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,military,track,ditions)
(various,military,track,weather)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(military,track,various,weather) [inferred]

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Ocean surveillance satellites [ ] detect, identify, and track surface ships and submarines through either electronic reconnaissance or radar.199. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,military,track,reconnaissance)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]

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The military information infrastructure [ ], also known as the information support system, links all command tiers, units, and systems within the operational system with voice and data trans mission capability, provides data processing and data storage capabili ties, and prevents and responds to unauthorized use of data on the network.64 The military information infrastructure is managed by the communications department of the main command post and is made up of various communications networks that are strategic or tactical, fixed or mobile, and military or civil ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,communications,fixed,military)
(various,military,infrastructure)
(various,communications,infrastructure,military)
(various,military,communications)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(communications,fixed,mobile,various) [inferred]
(infrastructure,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,mobile,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,linking,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,services,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,infrastructure,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,nications,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,services,various) [inferred]

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The military information infrastructure [ ], also known as the information support system, links all command tiers, units, and systems within the operational system with voice and data trans mission capability, provides data processing and data storage capabili ties, and prevents and responds to unauthorized use of data on the network.64 The military information infrastructure is managed by the communications department of the main command post and is made up of various communications networks that are strategic or tactical, fixed or mobile, and military or civil. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,communications,infrastructure,fixed)
(various,communications,fixed,mobile)
(various,communications,infrastructure,mobile)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(communications,fixed,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,linking,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,mobile,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,services,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,nications,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,services,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,infrastructure,various) [inferred]

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The strategic communication network [ ] encom passes the largely fixed communications infrastructure linking the supreme command with the various services, theater commands, and command posts ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,communications,infrastructure,encom)
(various,communications,infrastructure,fixed)
(various,communications,infrastructure,linking)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(communications,fixed,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,mobile,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,mobile,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,services,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,nications,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,services,various) [inferred]

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The strategic communication network [ ] encom passes the largely fixed communications infrastructure linking the supreme command with the various services, theater commands, and command posts. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,communications,infrastructure,services)
(various,communications,fixed,services)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(communications,fixed,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,mobile,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,linking,various) [inferred]
(communications,infrastructure,military,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,mobile,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,infrastructure,various) [inferred]
(communications,fixed,nications,various) [inferred]

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It consists of fiber, cable, microwave, shortwave, and satellite communications nodes and is broadly composed of the national defense communication network, the spacewide area commu nication network, the cooperative communication network; and the commercial communication network ...
High Level Abstractions:

(various,communications,commu,nodes)
Inferred entity relationships (9)
(commu,communications,nications,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,various,wartime) [inferred]
(communications,nodes,trunk,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,fixed,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,trunk,various) [inferred]
(commu,communications,various,wiretapping) [inferred]
(communications,nodes,various,wartime) [inferred]
(commu,communications,services,various) [inferred]
(communications,nodes,various,wiretapping) [inferred]

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The information confrontation system of the firepower warfare operational system is focused on defending the components of thissystem from an enemy's information attack and comprises electronic, network, and psychological defense capabilities ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,firepower,thissystem)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,thissystem)
Inferred entity relationships (35)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,situational,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,situational,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,situational,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

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Based on what we understand about the firepower warfare oper ational system from a 2003 source and what can be implied from more-recent sources, this system comprises the five major subsystems discussed at length earlier: the command system, the firepower strike system, information confrontation system, the reconnaissance intelligence system, and the support system ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,firepower,subsystems)
(reconnaissance,firepower,strike)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,strike)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,subsystems,strike)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,firepower,subsystems)
Inferred entity relationships (37)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,situational,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,thissystem) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,situational,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,tronic,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,situational,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,sea,various) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,thissystem) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,strike) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,subsystems) [inferred]
(firepower,intelligence,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(firepower,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

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For example, the PLA has yet to achieve a space-based early-warning satellite capability, similar to the space based infrared system that the United States possesses, yet this is dis cussed as a component of the space reconnaissance intelligence sys tem.10 While the existence of major systems is relatively easy to track, other necessary components of the operational system may be less so ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,early-warning,united_states)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,track,united_states)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,track,early-warning)
(reconnaissance,track,infrared,sys)
(reconnaissance,track,infrared,united_states)
(reconnaissance,track,infrared,tem)
(reconnaissance,track,early-warning,tem)
(reconnaissance,track,early-warning,sys)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,track,tem)
Inferred entity relationships (30)
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,sys,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,television,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,uavs) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,sys,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,tify,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,technologies,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]

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The space reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from space-based platforms. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,sance)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,reconnais,space-based)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,space-based)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,sance,space-based)
Inferred entity relationships (22)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,self-defense) [inferred]

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The ground reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,sance)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,sance,plat)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,plat)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,mobile)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,ground-based)
Inferred entity relationships (19)
(intelligence,plat,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,plat,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]

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The space reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from space-based platforms ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,sance,reconnais)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,reconnais)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,self-defense) [inferred]

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The ground reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,warning,reconnais)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,self-defense) [inferred]

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This text categorizes the subsystems by the loca tion of the sensors for reconnaissance intelligence assets in the vari ous domains, both physical and informational.191 These component systems are the space reconnaissance intelligence system, the "near space" reconnaissance system, the air reconnaissance intelligence system, the ground reconnaissance intelligence system, the maritime reconnaissance intelligence system, and the information operations ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,subsystems,tion)
(reconnaissance,intelligence,subsystems,vari)
Inferred entity relationships (17)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

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The reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] of the com mand information system collects, processes, manages, and transmits intelligence information from the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system [ ], described elsewhere in this chap ter.66 It includes the following subsystems ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,subsystems,transmits)
Inferred entity relationships (16)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

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The reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] of the com mand information system collects, processes, manages, and transmits intelligence information from the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system [ ], described elsewhere in this chap ter.66 It includes the following subsystems. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,subsystems,ter)
Inferred entity relationships (16)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,remote-sensing,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

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Ocean surveillance satellites [ ] detect, identify, and track surface ships and submarines through either electronic reconnaissance or radar.199. Other satellites identified as potentially augmenting reconnais sance intelligence functions include ground survey satellites [ ], meteorological reconnaissance satellites [ ], and commercial remote-sensing satellites [ ].200 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,sance,reconnais)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,self-defense) [inferred]

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Other satellites identified as potentially augmenting reconnais sance intelligence functions include ground survey satellites [ ], meteorological reconnaissance satellites [ ], and commercial remote-sensing satellites [ ].200. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,sance,remote-sensing)
Inferred entity relationships (16)
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,vari) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,tion) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,strike,subsystems) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sary,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tronic,various) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,transmits) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,various,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,tronic) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,subsystems,ter) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,space-based,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,sance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]

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A self-defense jamming system [ ] conducts elec tronic warfare against adversary assets and units.207. . Ground Reconnaissance Intelligence System ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,reconnais,tronic)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,self-defense) [inferred]

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A self-defense jamming system [ ] conducts elec tronic warfare against adversary assets and units.207 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,intelligence,reconnais,self-defense)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,warning) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,sance) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,space-based) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(intelligence,reconnais,reconnaissance,tronic) [inferred]

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Reconnaissance UAVs do this by using the same suite of reconnaissance capabilities as reconnaissance aircraft.205 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,early-warning,uavs)
(reconnaissance,track,sary,uavs)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(reconnaissance,sary,susceptibility,various) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sary,track,various) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(early-warning,reconnaissance,sys,track) [inferred]

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Nonacoustic detection uses various technologies such as infrared, low light television, magnetic detection, and temperature to detect, iden tify, and track submarines.215 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,infrared,television)
(reconnaissance,track,infrared,various)
(reconnaissance,track,infrared,technologies)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(infrared,reconnaissance,technologies,track) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,track,tronic,various) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,sys,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,television,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,tify,track) [inferred]

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Nonacoustic detection uses various technologies such as infrared, low light television, magnetic detection, and temperature to detect, iden tify, and track submarines.215. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,track,infrared,tify)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(infrared,reconnaissance,technologies,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,track,united_states) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,sys,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,television,track) [inferred]
(infrared,reconnaissance,tem,track) [inferred]

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The antisubmarine sonar reconnaissance network [ ] aims to provide reconnaissance and surveillance of submarine operations through water-acoustic detection. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic)
(reconnaissance,sonar,antisubmarine,water-acoustic)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tics) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,vari) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic) [inferred]

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Known components of the system include the antisea radar reconnaissance network and the antisubmarine sonar reconnaissance network ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,antisubmarine,antisea)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tics) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,vari) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(antisubmarine,reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic) [inferred]

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Furthermore, it is tasked with providing reconnaissance on the adversary's (1) vari ous radio, sonar, radar, and network and navigation systems and their respective dispositions; (2) command posts and C2 systems; and (3) psychological characteristics and conditions of adversary civilian and military forces.18 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,vari)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tics) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic) [inferred]

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The sea-based component of this network includes radar, sonar, and elec tronic reconnaissance from naval surface ships, ship-based aircraft and UAVs, and submarines that are either surfaced or at periscope depth. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tics) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,vari) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic) [inferred]

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The sea-based component of this network includes radar, sonar, and elec tronic reconnaissance from naval surface ships, ship-based aircraft and UAVs, and submarines that are either surfaced or at periscope depth ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,sonar,tronic)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(reconnaissance,sonar,uavs) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tems) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,tics) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,vari) [inferred]
(reconnaissance,sonar,water-acoustic) [inferred]

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This includes "the operating frequency of enemy communication equipment, spectrum struc ture, modulation methods. and communication protocols."220 Functions of communications reconnaissance include discovering and determining the characteristics and capabilities of the ene my's communication network ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,equipment,communications,modulation)
(reconnaissance,communications,ture)
(reconnaissance,equipment,communications,struc)
(reconnaissance,equipment,communications,ture)
(reconnaissance,equipment,communications,ene)
Inferred entity relationships (13)
(communications,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,tion) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,ture) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,struc) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,tics) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,sonars) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,modulation,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,operating,reconnaissance) [inferred]

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Electronic reconnaissance [ ] finds, identifies, tracks, and analyzes the capabilities, types, and locations of the adversary's radars, communications platforms, electro-optical systems, navigation equipment, sonars, and acoustic emissions.217 The functions are listed below. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,communications,emissions,sonars)
(reconnaissance,equipment,communications,sonars)
Inferred entity relationships (12)
(communications,emissions,intercepts,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,tics) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,video) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sys) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,ture) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,struc) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,tems) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,modulation,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,weapons) [inferred]
(communications,emissions,reconnaissance,sonar) [inferred]
(equipment,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,operating,reconnaissance) [inferred]

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This includes "the operating frequency of enemy communication equipment, spectrum struc ture, modulation methods ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,equipment,communications,operating)
Inferred entity relationships (4)
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,sonars) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,modulation,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,ture) [inferred]
(communications,equipment,reconnaissance,struc) [inferred]

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Communications reconnaissance [ ] finds, identifies, and analyzes the enemy's communications network (i.e., what the disposition of enemy communications is, what communica tion systems are in use, and what the communication network's capabilities are) and identifies the parameters of how the enemy's communications network operates ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,communications,tion)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(communications,reconnaissance,tics) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,sary,various) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,track,various) [inferred]
(communications,reconnaissance,ture) [inferred]

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Other units: In addition to command, reconnaissance intel ligence, and general support functions, numerous other units are available to directly and solely support the land operational system as required by the campaign or operation ...
High Level Abstractions:

(reconnaissance,campaign,ligence,intel)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(campaign,intel,mander,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(intel,ligence,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,intelli,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,intelligence,reconnaissance) [inferred]
(campaign,intel,reconnaissance,various) [inferred]

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The approach for this report relied on the collection, synthesis, and analysis of numerous Chinese military publications, including newspapers, journal articles, books, and defense white papers. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,journal,defense)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,textbooks) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

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The approach for this report relied on the collection, synthesis, and analysis of numerous Chinese military publications, including newspapers, journal articles, books, and defense white papers ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,journal,synthesis)
(pla,military,defense,chinese)
(pla,military,journal,chinese)
(pla,military,chinese,synthesis)
(pla,military,defense,synthesis)
Inferred entity relationships (14)
(defense,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,textbooks) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]
(defense,military,perceives,pla) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(chinese,military,perceives,pla) [inferred]
(defense,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(chinese,military,pla,various) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,synthesis) [inferred]
(journal,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(defense,military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]

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China is even pursuing a systems-based approach to war fighting, and, as this report argues, this approach is now incorporated into its theory of victory in the form of what is referred to as system destruction warfare [ ].1 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,fighting)
(pla,fighting,systems-based)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(fighting,pla,wars) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,system-of-systems) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,wage) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,various) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,western_pla) [inferred]

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To date, most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the hardware capabilities that the PLA has developed or is developing ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,campaigns,wage)
(pla,wage,fighting)
(pla,wage,military)
(pla,military,campaigns,fighting)
(pla,military,campaigns,date)
(pla,campaigns,wage)
Inferred entity relationships (13)
(campaigns,pla,purpose-built) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,sys) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,wars) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,system-of-systems) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,various) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(fighting,military,pla) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,systems-based) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,tems) [inferred]
(campaigns,pla,sup) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,western_pla) [inferred]

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To date, most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the hardware capabilities that the PLA has developed or is developing. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,campaigns,hardware)
(pla,wage,hardware)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

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The 1991 Gulf War and the 1999 Kosovo War demonstrated to the PLA that paralyzing the functions of an enemy's operational system does not require the annihilation of the enemy's operational forces in the field.28 Instead, functional paralysis of an operational system occurs, according to the PLA literature, once the system's structure is sufficiently weakened, if internal coordinating mechanisms become disrupted, and/or if necessary procedures become disordered.29 Yet, to accomplish this, military planners must first understand "the degree of influence" that any targeted aspect may have on the functionality and reliability of the enemy's overall operational system, so as to recognize where "bottlenecks" lie.30 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,military,annihilation,kosovo_war)
(pla,military,annihilation,influence)
(pla,military,annihilation,paralyzing)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(annihilation,military,pla,tion) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,pla,ren) [inferred]
(annihilation,military,pla,weapons) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

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The PLA's command system [ ] is the component system responsible for C2 within the operational system (Figure 3.1).5 For an operational system developed to carry out military campaigns at the theater level and lower, the command system would be responsible for commanding at a theater level down to a relatively low operational level ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,campaign,campaigns,military)
Inferred entity relationships (9)
(campaign,campaigns,pla,porting) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,purpose-built) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,sup) [inferred]
(campaigns,military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(military,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,sys) [inferred]
(military,pla,wage) [inferred]
(campaign,campaigns,pla,tems) [inferred]
(military,pla,various) [inferred]

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While the literature sheds light on certain operational systems, it does not provide a comprehensive scope of the entire range of likely opera tional systems.2 What should be apparent to the scholar of PLA stud ies is how similar the names of many of these systems are to specific known campaign types ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,campaign,tional)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(campaign,pla,various,western_pla) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,western_pla) [inferred]
(pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(pla,tional,unsuitability) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,sys) [inferred]
(campaign,pla,tems) [inferred]

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As the PLA currently envisages itself fighting and winning "informatized local wars" [ ], it is thus highly likely that this operational system would figure into almost any conceivable conflict contingency.11 ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,conflict,wars)
(pla,fighting,wars)
Inferred entity relationships (11)
(conflict,pla,waged) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,sys) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,system-of-systems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,war-fighting) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,various) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tation) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,wage) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,systems-based) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wartime) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,western_pla) [inferred]

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This force is a direct recognition that the PLA must effectively compete in these domains - or, at least, not lose - and to achieve war-fighting objectives in future conflict. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,conflict,war-fighting)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(conflict,pla,tation) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,waged) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,sys) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wars) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wartime) [inferred]

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As a result, according to PLA publications, modern war fare is now properly characterized as a conflict waged between adver sarial operational systems. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,conflict,waged)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(conflict,pla,tation) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,sys) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,war-fighting) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wars) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wartime) [inferred]

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Based on its very nature, this specific type of armed conflict of systems versus systems is termed by the PLA as sys tems confrontation [ ].4 The prominence that systems confron tation has attained in PLA thinking cannot be understated ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,conflict,tems)
(pla,conflict,sys)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(conflict,pla,tation) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,waged) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,sys) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,war-fighting) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wars) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wartime) [inferred]

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Based on its very nature, this specific type of armed conflict of systems versus systems is termed by the PLA as sys tems confrontation [ ].4 The prominence that systems confron tation has attained in PLA thinking cannot be understated. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,conflict,tation)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(conflict,pla,waged) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,sys) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,war-fighting) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,tems) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wars) [inferred]
(conflict,pla,wartime) [inferred]

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Relatively recent literature suggests that that PLA planners spe cifically seek to strike four types of targets, through either kinetic or nonkinetic attacks, when attempting to paralyze the enemy's opera tional system ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,tional,nonkinetic,targets)
(pla,tional,attacks,targets)
(pla,tional,paralyze,targets)
(pla,tional,paralyze,nonkinetic)
Inferred entity relationships (12)
(paralyze,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(nonkinetic,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(nonkinetic,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(pla,tional,unsuitability) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,targets,tional) [inferred]
(nonkinetic,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]
(attacks,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(pla,tional,vic) [inferred]

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Relatively recent literature suggests that that PLA planners spe cifically seek to strike four types of targets, through either kinetic or nonkinetic attacks, when attempting to paralyze the enemy's opera tional system. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,tional,paralyze,attacks)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(paralyze,pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,sys,tional) [inferred]
(pla,tional,vic) [inferred]
(pla,tional,unsuitability) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,targets,tional) [inferred]
(paralyze,pla,tems,tional) [inferred]

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Indeed, the system-of-systems construct is the mode of war fighting for the PLA. Although Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics related to either the PLA's system of systems or how the PLA perceives articles other militaries'system of systems ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,fighting,western_pla)
(pla,fighting,system-of-systems)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(fighting,pla,wars) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,system-of-systems) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,wage) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,systems-based) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,various) [inferred]
(fighting,pla,western_pla) [inferred]

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Operational systems, as conceived by the PLA, must be suffi ciently multidimensional and multifunctional to wage war in all of these domains ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,wage,suffi)

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Operational systems, as conceived by the PLA, must be suffi ciently multidimensional and multifunctional to wage war in all of these domains. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,wage,multidimensional)
(pla,wage,multifunctional)

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The PLA would therefore have to wage system destruction warfare under less-than-ideal conditions. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(pla,wage,less-than-ideal)

Semantics Relevance

Introduction: The Importance of Systems in Chinese Military Thought.It is ...