Logical Analysis Report

Key Focus

  • If so, for how long.
    Experts say recent studies have concluded that antibodies provide some level of protection or immunity from getting the virus again. What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity.
    Experts say based on similar viruses, the assumption is an adequate level of antibodies could result in immunity lasting for months up to a year or two but more studies need to be done.
    Most antibody studies were conducted in severely ill people hospitalized for Covid-19, with only a few studies on those with more minor illness, says Amy Karger, an assistant professor in laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota Medical School.
    A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
    What is the value of antibody tests right now.
    From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate
  • Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies is needed for protection and how long any immunity lasts.
    For a closer look at all of these issues, we asked experts what we know.and don't know.about the tests.
    Antibody tests sample your blood to see if your body has produced antibodies
  • Karger says most tests aren't reporting such information to consumers because it's not yet clear what the numbers mean.
    The final type of antibody test is a neutralizing assay which is a highly complex and expensive method usually only used in a research setting. Such tests only measure one type of antibody.the neutralizing antibodies that block the virus and are thought to confer protective immunity.
    What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
    Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity

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High Level Topics

  • ANTIBODIES
  • VIRUS
  • COVID-19
  • INFECTION

    • High Level Abstractions

  • ANTIBODIES(4, 0 Order)
  • ( ANTIBODIES )(4, 0 Order)  top
  • VIRUS(5, 0 Order)
  • ( VIRUS )(5, 0 Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, ANTIBODIES )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, COVID-19 )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, EXPERTS )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, INFECTION )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, UNKNOWNS )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, UNIVERSITY )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, SPECIFICITY )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, SEROLOGICAL )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, RISK )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, PUBLIC-HEALTH )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, POSITIVE )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( VIRUS, NOT-YET-PUBLISHED )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • COVID-19(5, 0 Order)
  • ( COVID-19 )(5, 0 Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, ANTIBODIES )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, EXPERTS )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, INFECTION )(3, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, UNKNOWNS )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, UNIVERSITY )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, SWAB )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, SEROLOGICAL )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, PUBLIC-HEALTH )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, NOT-YET-PUBLISHED )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, MUCUS )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • ( COVID-19, MOUNT_SINAI )(1, 1st Order)  top
  • INFECTION(4, 0 Order)
  • ( INFECTION )(4, 0 Order)  top

    • References

    • ( ANTIBODIES )  top
    • (Read more)   top... that antibody test results shouldn't be used to make decisions about letting people gather in settings such as schools, dorms or offices. Other questions surround the significance of the antibodies themselves. Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies...
    • (Read more)   top If so, for how long. Experts say recent studies have concluded that antibodies provide some level of protection or immunity from getting the virus again. What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity. Experts...
    • (Read more)   top ... type of antibody tests currently used are ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and CLIA (chemiluminescent immunoassay) tests. Both are laboratory tests done from blood drawn and measure the level of antibodies. Karger says most tests aren't reporting such information to consumers because it's not yet clear what the numbers mean. The final type of antibody test is a neutralizing assay which...
    • (Read more)   topSuch tests only measure one type of antibody.the neutralizing antibodies that block the virus and are thought to confer protective immunity. What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate. Test makers try to balance specificity with...
    • ( VIRUS )  top
    • ( VIRUS, ANTIBODIES )  top
    • (Read more)   top Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies is needed for protection and how long any immunity lasts.
      For a closer...
    • (Read more)   top
      Experts say recent studies have concluded that antibodies provide some level of protection or immunity from getting the virus again. What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity.
      Experts say...
    • (Read more)   top... final type of antibody test is a neutralizing assay which is a highly complex and expensive method usually only used in a research setting. Such tests only measure one type of antibody.the neutralizing antibodies that block the virus and are thought to confer protective immunity.
      What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
      Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity
    • ( VIRUS, COVID-19 )  top
    • (Read more)   top Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies is needed for protection and how long any immunity lasts.
      For a closer look at all of these issues, we asked experts what we know.and...
    • (Read more)   top
      Most antibody studies were conducted in severely ill people hospitalized for Covid-19, with only a few studies on those with more minor illness, says Amy Karger, an assistant professor in laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota Medical School.
      A not-yet-published...
    • (Read more)   topOn an individual level, the tests can determine whether a person had an infection of the virus that causes Covid-19.
      The CDC       warns that the tests shouldn't be used at this point for decisions, such as when employees return to the workplace.
      But experts like Joshua Weitz, professor of biological sciences and director...
    • ( VIRUS, EXPERTS )  top
    • (Read more)   top Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies is needed for protection...
    • (Read more)   top
      From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate
    • (Read more)   top
      But experts like Joshua Weitz, professor of biological sciences and director of the interdisciplinary quantitative biosciences graduate program at Georgia Tech, say planning for how to best use information from...
    • ( VIRUS, INFECTION )  top
    • (Read more)   topPeople who were sick but never got a Covid-19 test want to see if they did have the virus.in hopes that they may have some protection from future infection. Public health authorities are deploying the tests to help determine how widely the virus has spread
    • (Read more)   top
      From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate.
    • (Read more)   topOn an individual level, the tests can determine whether a person had an infection of the virus that causes Covid-19.
      The CDC warns that the tests shouldn't be used at this point for decisions, such as when employees return to the workplace.
      But experts like Joshua Weitz,...
    • ( VIRUS, UNKNOWNS )  top
    • (Read more)   top Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies is needed for protection and how long any immunity lasts.
      For a closer look at all of these issues, we asked experts what we know.and don't know.about the...
    • ( VIRUS, UNIVERSITY )  top
    • (Read more)   top ... conducted in severely ill people hospitalized for Covid-19, with only a few studies on those with more minor illness, says Amy Karger, an assistant professor in laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota Medical School.
      A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
      What...
    • ( VIRUS, SPECIFICITY )  top
    • (Read more)   top
      Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity.
    • ( VIRUS, SEROLOGICAL )  top
    • (Read more)   top... Joshua Weitz, professor of biological sciences and director of the interdisciplinary quantitative biosciences graduate program at Georgia Tech, say planning for how to best use information from high-quality serological tests to reduce chains of transmission should start now.
      "If companies and individuals do decide to act I would hope they do so knowing they should revisit their decisions with follow-up testing...
    • ( VIRUS, RISK )  top
    • (Read more)   top
      What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
      Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity
    • ( VIRUS, PUBLIC-HEALTH )  top
    • (Read more)   top
      From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate
    • ( VIRUS, POSITIVE )  top
    • (Read more)   top
      What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
      Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity.
    • ( VIRUS, NOT-YET-PUBLISHED )  top
    • (Read more)   top
      A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
      What is the value of antibody tests right now.
      From...
    • ( COVID-19 )  top
    • ( COVID-19, ANTIBODIES )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , ANTIBODIES )
    • (Read more)   top
      Experts say recent studies have concluded that antibodies provide some level of protection or immunity from getting the virus again.
    • (Read more)   top What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity.
      Experts say based on similar viruses, the assumption is an adequate level of antibodies could result in immunity lasting for months up to a year or two but more studies...
    • ( COVID-19, EXPERTS )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , EXPERTS )
    • ( COVID-19, INFECTION )  top
    • (Read more)   topInstead, they can determine whether you had a previous infection.
      How       is that different from a diagnostic test.
      Diagnostic tests tell you whether you are currently infected with Covid-19
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , INFECTION )
    • ( COVID-19, UNKNOWNS )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , UNKNOWNS )
    • ( COVID-19, UNIVERSITY )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , UNIVERSITY )
    • ( COVID-19, SWAB )  top
    • (Read more)   top. Typically, a swab is used that pushes far back into the nose to get a mucus sample. The test can detect genetic material from the virus, says David Walt, a professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School and Brigham...
    • ( COVID-19, SEROLOGICAL )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , SEROLOGICAL )
    • ( COVID-19, PUBLIC-HEALTH )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , PUBLIC-HEALTH )
    • ( COVID-19, NOT-YET-PUBLISHED )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , NOT-YET-PUBLISHED )
    • ( COVID-19, MUCUS )  top
    • (Read more)   top. Typically, a swab is used that pushes far back into the nose to get a mucus sample. The test can detect genetic material from the virus, says David Walt, a professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
      What is an antibody.
      Any...
    • ( COVID-19, MOUNT_SINAI )  top
    • (Read more)   top
      A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
      What is the value of antibody tests right now.
      From a public-health perspective,...
    • ( INFECTION )  top
    • (Read more)   topSee ( VIRUS , INFECTION )
    • (Read more)   top ... experts what we know.and don't know.about the tests. Antibody tests sample your blood to see if your body has produced antibodies. These tests don't tell you if you have an active infection. Instead, they can determine whether you had a previous infection. How is that different from a diagnostic test. Diagnostic tests tell you whether you are currently infected with Covid-19
    • (Read more)   top ... antibodies. What is the value of antibody tests right now. From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate. On an individual level, the tests can determine whether a person had an infection of the virus that causes Covid-19. The CDC warns that the tests shouldn't...
    • (Read more)   topHow long do we have them. The body starts producing antibodies about a week after infection, and nearly everyone has antibodies in their blood 10 to 14 days after symptoms start. It is unknown how long the antibodies will remain, but one study found that for another deadly coronavirus, severe...