Logical Analysis Report

Key Focus

Certainly, we have not seen an immune response related to T cells in overdrive in the very severe cases," said Sette.
Big implications for vaccines
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist who spends most of his time doing research in human immunology, it opens the door to a different type of vaccine, similar to the ones that are being used against certain cancers, like melanoma.
"What we know is that most vaccines that have been generated thus far have been based on generating antibodies
Do some people have protection against the coronavirus.
By Dr. Sanjay Gupta and Andrea Kane, CNN.
Updated 6:28 ET, Sun August 2, 2020.
We're now more than seven months into the coronavirus pandemic that has upended the lives of most of Earth's inhabitants. And while it is true that the scientific community has learned many things about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease it causes, Covid-19, there are also many gaps in our understanding.
One big mystery: Why do some people get very sick and even die from their illness, while other similar people show no symptoms and may not realize they've been infected at all.
We know some of the big factors that put people at higher risk of having a severe, even fatal, course of disease: being over 60; being overweight or obese; having one or more chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney or lung disease, and cancer; and being a person of color -- Black African American, Latino Latinx or Native American.
But might the opposite also be true: Could certain people actually have some type of protection.
A recently published summary article in the journal Nature Reviews Immunology put forth a tantalizing possibility: A large percentage of the population appears to have immune cells that are able to recognize parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and that may possibly be giving them a head start in fighting off an infection
So, we have been suggesting to anybody that is running vaccine trials to also measure T-cell response," said Sette.
The herd (immunity) grows stronger
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to SARS-CoV-2, thanks either to infection or vaccination, and the virus can no longer be as easily transmitted.
"For herd immunity, if indeed we have a very large proportion of the population already being immune in one way or another, through these cellular responses, they can count towards the pool that you need to establish herd immunity
The implications of having some pre-existing immunity suggests that maybe you need a small proportion of the population to be impacted before the epidemic wave dies out," said Dr. John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine and epidemiology and population health at Stanford University.
In other words, if there is a level of herd immunity, that changes how fast the virus ripples through different communities and populations.
In fact, Sette and Crotty wrote in their paper, "It should be noted that if some degree of pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 exists in the general population, this could also influence epidemiological modelling ..."
Crotty points to a SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology paper that appeared in the journal Science at the end of May that tried to model transmission of the virus going forward

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High Level Topics

VIRUS

IMMUNE

REACTIVITY

SETTE

High Level Abstractions

VIRUS(9, 0 Order)

( VIRUS )(9, 0 Order) top

( VIRUS, SARS-COV-2 )(4, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION )(5, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, SARS-COV-2 )(4, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, SETTE )(4, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, IMMUNE )(3, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, VACCINE )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, T-CELL )(3, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, PRE-EXISTING )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, CROTTY )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, VACCINES )(1, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, MODEL )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, JOURNAL )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, POPULATION, INFECTION )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, CROTTY )(2, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL )(5, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, REACTIVITY )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, SETTE )(3, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, CROTTY )(1, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, SARS-COV-2 )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, VACCINE )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, IMMUNE )(2, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, CORONAVIRUSES )(1, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, VACCINES )(1, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, CCC )(1, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, T-CELL, PRE-EXISTING )(1, 2nd Order) top

( VIRUS, SETTE )(4, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, REACTIVITY )(2, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, IMMUNE )(4, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, VACCINE )(3, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, INFECTION )(3, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, ANTIBODIES )(3, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, VACCINES )(2, 1st Order) top

( VIRUS, PRE-EXISTING )(2, 1st Order) top

IMMUNE(5, 0 Order)

( IMMUNE )(5, 0 Order) top

( IMMUNE, SARS-COV-2 )(3, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, POPULATION )(3, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, INFECTION )(3, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, VACCINES )(2, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, VACCINE )(3, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, T-CELL )(2, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, SETTE )(2, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, INVADER )(1, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, ANTIBODIES )(2, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, WORRISOME )(1, 1st Order) top

( IMMUNE, US_PHASE )(1, 1st Order) top

REACTIVITY(1, 0 Order)

( REACTIVITY )(1, 0 Order) top

SETTE(5, 0 Order)

( SETTE )(5, 0 Order) top

( SETTE, POPULATION )(4, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, SARS-COV-2 )(4, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, T-CELL )(4, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, CROTTY )(3, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, VACCINE )(2, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, PRE-EXISTING )(2, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, CCC )(2, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, VACCINES )(1, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, MODEL )(2, 1st Order) top

( SETTE, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL )(2, 1st Order) top

References

( VIRUS ) top
( VIRUS, SARS-COV-2 ) top
(Read more) top ... more than seven months into the coronavirus pandemic that has upended the lives of most of Earth's inhabitants. And while it is true that the scientific community has learned many things about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease it causes, Covid-19, there are also many gaps in our understanding.
One big mystery: Why do some people get very sick and even die from their illness, while other similar...
(Read more) top
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist who spends most of his time doing research in...
(Read more) top
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to SARS-CoV-2, thanks either to infection or vaccination, and the virus can no longer be as easily transmitted.
"For herd immunity, if indeed we have a very large proportion of the population already being immune...
(Read more) top
In fact, Sette and Crotty wrote in their paper, "It should be noted that if some degree of pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 exists in the general population, this could also influence epidemiological modelling ..."
Crotty points to a SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology paper that appeared in the journal Science at the end of May...
( VIRUS, POPULATION ) top
( VIRUS, POPULATION, SARS-COV-2 ) top
(Read more) top And while it is true that the scientific community has learned many things about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease it causes, Covid-19, there are also many gaps in our understanding.
One big mystery: Why do some people get very sick and even die from their illness, while other similar...
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , SARS-COV-2 )
( VIRUS, POPULATION, SETTE ) top
(Read more) top Certainly, we have not seen an immune response related to T cells in overdrive in the very severe cases," said Sette.
Big implications for vaccines
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several...
(Read more) top So, we have been suggesting to anybody that is running vaccine trials to also measure T-cell response," said Sette.
The herd (immunity) grows stronger
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to SARS-CoV-2, thanks either to infection...
(Read more) top
In fact, Sette and Crotty wrote in their paper, "It should be noted that if some degree of pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 exists in the general population, this could also influence epidemiological modelling...
(Read more) top
And that brings us to another question raised by Sette and Crotty's paper: because the common circulating coronaviruses (CCC) appear in different places, at different times, could some countries, cities or localities be disproportionately affected (or...
( VIRUS, POPULATION, IMMUNE ) top
(Read more) top
A recently published summary article in the journal Nature Reviews Immunology put forth a tantalizing possibility: A large percentage of the population appears to have immune cells that are able to recognize parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and that may possibly be giving them a head start in fighting off an infection
(Read more) top Certainly, we have not seen an immune response related to T cells in overdrive in the very severe cases," said Sette.
Big implications for vaccines
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity...
(Read more) top
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to SARS-CoV-2, thanks either to infection or vaccination, and the virus can no longer be as easily transmitted.
"For herd immunity, if indeed we have a very large proportion of the population...
( VIRUS, POPULATION, VACCINE ) top
(Read more) top
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist who spends most of his time doing research in human immunology, it opens the door to...
(Read more) top So, we have been suggesting to anybody that is running vaccine trials to also measure T-cell response," said Sette.
The herd (immunity) grows stronger
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough...
( VIRUS, POPULATION, T-CELL ) top
(Read more) top
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist who spends most...
(Read more) top So, we have been suggesting to anybody that is running vaccine trials to also measure T-cell response," said Sette.
The herd (immunity) grows stronger
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to...
(Read more) top
"If the pre-existing T-cell immunity is related to CCC exposure, it will become important to better understand the patterns of CCC exposure in space and time
( VIRUS, POPULATION, PRE-EXISTING ) top
(Read more) top The implications of having some pre-existing immunity suggests that maybe you need a small proportion of the population to be impacted before the epidemic wave dies out," said Dr. John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine and epidemiology...
(Read more) top
"If the pre-existing T-cell immunity is related to CCC exposure, it will become important to better understand the patterns of CCC exposure in space and time
( VIRUS, POPULATION, CROTTY ) top
(Read more) top
In fact, Sette and Crotty wrote in their paper, "It should be noted that if some degree of pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 exists in the general population, this could also influence epidemiological modelling ..."
Crotty...
(Read more) top
For example, Crotty said when the authors added a hypothetical 30% immunity to their epidemiological model of how many cases there would be in the world over the next couple of years, the virus faded away in the near future...
( VIRUS, POPULATION, VACCINES ) top
(Read more) top
Big implications for vaccines
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker,...
( VIRUS, POPULATION, MODEL ) top
(Read more) top
Crotty points to a SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology paper that appeared in the journal Science at the end of May that tried to model transmission of the virus going forward
(Read more) top
For example, Crotty said when the authors added a hypothetical 30% immunity to their epidemiological model of how many cases there would be in the world over the next couple of years, the virus faded away in the near future before returning in three or four years.
More questions than answers for now
And...
( VIRUS, POPULATION, JOURNAL ) top
(Read more) top
A recently published summary article in the journal Nature Reviews Immunology put forth a tantalizing possibility: A large percentage of the population appears to have immune cells that are able to recognize parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and that may...
(Read more) top
Crotty points to a SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology paper that appeared in the journal Science at the end of May that tried to model transmission of the virus going forward.
( VIRUS, POPULATION, INFECTION ) top
(Read more) top ... possibility: A large percentage of the population appears to have immune cells that are able to recognize parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and that may possibly be giving them a head start in fighting off an infection.
(Read more) top
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to SARS-CoV-2, thanks either to infection or vaccination, and the virus can no longer be as easily transmitted.
"For herd immunity, if indeed we have a very large proportion of the population already being immune in one way or another,...
( VIRUS, CROTTY ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , CROTTY )
( VIRUS, T-CELL ) top
( VIRUS, T-CELL, REACTIVITY ) top
(Read more) topSo, when you say, 'They have T-cell reactivity,'well that could help in some people, it could hurt in others," he said.
Casadevall speculates that some of the asymptomatic people may be able to rapidly clear the virus thanks to this T-cell reactivity
(Read more) top
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist who spends most of his time...
( VIRUS, T-CELL, SETTE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , SETTE )
( VIRUS, T-CELL, CROTTY ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , CROTTY )
( VIRUS, T-CELL, SARS-COV-2 ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , SARS-COV-2 )
( VIRUS, T-CELL, VACCINE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINE )
( VIRUS, T-CELL, IMMUNE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , IMMUNE )
( VIRUS, T-CELL, CORONAVIRUSES ) top
(Read more) top
And that brings us to another question raised by Sette and Crotty's paper: because the common circulating coronaviruses (CCC) appear in different places, at different times, could some countries, cities or localities be disproportionately affected (or spared) because the population had less exposure to those CCCs, thus...
( VIRUS, T-CELL, VACCINES ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINES )
( VIRUS, T-CELL, CCC ) top
(Read more) top
"If the pre-existing T-cell immunity is related to CCC exposure, it will become important to better understand the patterns of CCC exposure in space and time
( VIRUS, T-CELL, PRE-EXISTING ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , PRE-EXISTING )
( VIRUS, SETTE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , SETTE )
( VIRUS, REACTIVITY ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , T-CELL , REACTIVITY )
( VIRUS, IMMUNE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , IMMUNE )
(Read more) top
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive immune system uses to stave off an infection.
( VIRUS, VACCINE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINE )
(Read more) top
Operation Warp Speed leader says he expects coronavirus vaccine to be highly effective, 'in the 90%'range.
"On the other hand, if some viruses sneak through and infect a cell; then the body is dependent upon T cells to eliminate the virus," he...
( VIRUS, INFECTION ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , INFECTION )
(Read more) top... worried many researchers: because the antibody response appears to fade quickly, the scientific community is not sure how long a person who has been infected with this virus will stay protected from a new infection. This is also worrisome since we are relying on vaccines to trigger an antibody response to help protect us, and we want that protection to last a long time.
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the...
( VIRUS, ANTIBODIES ) top
(Read more) top
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive immune system uses to stave off an infection.
(Read more) top
"What we know is that most vaccines that have been generated thus far have been based on generating antibodies.
(Read more) top Now, antibodies should theoretically be able to prevent any cells from becoming infected -- if you have enough antibodies around and any virus coming in, before it gets a chance to infect a cell, can be theoretically...
( VIRUS, VACCINES ) top
(Read more) top... appears to fade quickly, the scientific community is not sure how long a person who has been infected with this virus will stay protected from a new infection. This is also worrisome since we are relying on vaccines to trigger an antibody response to help protect us, and we want that protection to last a long time.
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive immune system uses to stave off...
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINES )
( VIRUS, PRE-EXISTING ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , PRE-EXISTING )
( IMMUNE ) top
( IMMUNE, SARS-COV-2 ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , SARS-COV-2 )
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , SARS-COV-2 )
( IMMUNE, POPULATION ) top
(Read more) top
A recently published summary article in the journal Nature Reviews Immunology put forth a tantalizing possibility: A large percentage of the population appears to have immune cells that are able to recognize parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and that may possibly be giving them a head start in fighting off an infection
(Read more) top
So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts.
There are several implications.
For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist...
(Read more) top
There are also implications for when we might achieve "herd immunity" -- meaning that enough of the population is immune to SARS-CoV-2, thanks either to infection or vaccination, and the virus can no longer be as easily transmitted.
"For herd immunity, if indeed we have a very large proportion of the population...
( IMMUNE, INFECTION ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , INFECTION )
(Read more) top
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive immune system uses to stave off an infection. T cells, which come in three varieties, are created by the body after an infection to help with future infections from the same invader
( IMMUNE, VACCINES ) top
(Read more) topThis is also worrisome since we are relying on vaccines to trigger an antibody response to help protect us, and we want that protection to last a long time.
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive immune system uses to stave off...
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINES )
( IMMUNE, VACCINE ) top
(Read more) top
Georgia news anchor receives first shot in US Phase 3 trial of a Covid vaccine: 'I never thought that I'd do something like this'.
Where the innate immune system is immediate and nonspecific (it tries to stop anything from entering the body), the adaptive immune...
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINE )
( IMMUNE, T-CELL ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , T-CELL )
( IMMUNE, SETTE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , SETTE )
( IMMUNE, INVADER ) top
(Read more) top
Where the innate immune system is immediate and nonspecific (it tries to stop anything from entering the body), the adaptive immune system is targeted against a specific and previously recognized invader.
( IMMUNE, ANTIBODIES ) top
(Read more) top
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive immune system uses to stave off an infection. T cells, which come in three varieties, are created by the body after an infection to help with future infections...
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , ANTIBODIES )
( IMMUNE, WORRISOME ) top
(Read more) topThis is also worrisome since we are relying on vaccines to trigger an antibody response to help protect us, and we want that protection to last a long time.
Fortunately, antibodies aren't the only weapon our adaptive...
( IMMUNE, US_PHASE ) top
(Read more) top
Georgia news anchor receives first shot in US Phase 3 trial of a Covid vaccine: 'I never thought that I'd do something like this'.
Where the innate immune system is immediate and nonspecific (it tries to stop anything from entering...
( REACTIVITY ) top
(Read more) top ... immune response related to T cells in overdrive in the very severe cases," said Sette. Big implications for vaccines So, assuming that a large portion of the population has some kind of T-cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, what does that mean for vaccine efforts. There are several implications. For Dr. Bruce Walker, an infectious disease physician-scientist who spends most of his time...
( SETTE ) top
( SETTE, POPULATION ) top
(Read more) top See ( IMMUNE , POPULATION )
(Read more) top The implications of having some pre-existing immunity suggests that maybe you need a small proportion of the population to be impacted before the epidemic wave dies out," said Dr. John Ioannidis, a professor of medicine and epidemiology and population health at Stanford University.
In other words, if there...
(Read more) top ... paper: because the common circulating coronaviruses (CCC) appear in different places, at different times, could some countries, cities or localities be disproportionately affected (or spared) because the population had less exposure to those CCCs, thus creating less opportunity to develop cross-reactivity.
"If the pre-existing T-cell immunity is related to CCC exposure, it will become important to better...
( SETTE, SARS-COV-2 ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , SARS-COV-2 )
(Read more) top
So, ultimately can it be said that some people have at least partial natural protection from SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus, if they have T-cell cross-reactivity.
"The biggest problem is that everybody wants a simple answer," said Johns Hopkins'Casadevall
( SETTE, T-CELL ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , T-CELL )
(Read more) top
So, ultimately can it be said that some people have at least partial natural protection from SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus, if they have T-cell cross-reactivity.
"The biggest problem is that everybody wants a simple answer," said Johns Hopkins'Casadevall
( SETTE, CROTTY ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , CROTTY )
(Read more) top This leads to the speculative hypothesis that differences in CCC geo-distribution might correlate with burden of COVID-19 disease severity," Sette and Crotty wrote.
So, ultimately can it be said that some people have at least partial natural protection from SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus, if they have T-cell cross-reactivity.
"The biggest...
( SETTE, VACCINE ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINE )
( SETTE, PRE-EXISTING ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , PRE-EXISTING )
( SETTE, CCC ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , T-CELL , CCC )
(Read more) top This leads to the speculative hypothesis that differences in CCC geo-distribution might correlate with burden of COVID-19 disease severity," Sette and Crotty wrote.
So, ultimately can it be said that some people have at least partial natural protection...
( SETTE, VACCINES ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , VACCINES )
( SETTE, MODEL ) top
(Read more) top See ( VIRUS , POPULATION , MODEL )
( SETTE, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ) top
(Read more) top
In fact, Sette and Crotty wrote in their paper, "It should be noted that if some degree of pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 exists in the general population, this could also influence epidemiological modelling ..."
Crotty points to a SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology paper that appeared in the journal Science at the end of May that tried to model transmission of the virus going forward
(Read more) top
For example, Crotty said when the authors added a hypothetical 30% immunity to their epidemiological model of how many cases there would be in the world over the next couple of years, the virus faded away in the near future before returning in three or four years.
More questions than answers for...