Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123 ...
Coastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122 ...
Shore-to-ship missiles [ ] aim to strike enemy naval surface vessels from ground-based launch positions. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121 ...
top... operational system's elements are made up of various necessary factors, including the system's "command and control, reconnaissance intelligence, firepower, information confrontation, maneuver, protection, and support" capabilities.20
topThe reconnaissance intelligence system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for the physical domains of air, sea,...
top... [ ] supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41 The intelli gence department's functions are to (1) develop recommendations for reconnaissance intelligence support, (2) draft reconnaissance intel ligence plans,...
top... supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41 The intelli gence department's functions are to (1) develop recommendations for reconnaissance intelligence support, (2) draft reconnaissance intel ligence plans,...
topThe air reconnaissance intelligence system's [ ] purpose is to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnaissance, and early warning from airborne platforms.
top... sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities to defend against and respond to the adversary's network, elec tronic, and psychological attacks against components of the firepower warfare operational system
topThe reconnaissance intelligence system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for the physical domains of air, sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities...
topThe reconnaissance intelligence system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for the physical domains of air, sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities to defend against and...
top... operations reconnaissance system [ ] of the information operational system comprises various sen sors and capabilities that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness in the cyber, electronic, and psychological domains.
top... system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for the physical domains of air, sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities to defend against and respond to the adversary's network,...
top... system comprises various sen sors and capabilities that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness in the cyber, electronic, and psychological domains.
topThe information operations reconnaissance system [ ] of the information operational system comprises various sen sors and capabilities that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness in the cyber, electronic, and psychological domains
topThe information operations reconnaissance system [ ] of the information operational system comprises various sen sors and capabilities that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness in the cyber, electronic, and psychological domains
top... firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for the physical domains of air, sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities to defend against and respond to the adversary's network, elec tronic,...
top... air, sea, land, and space, as well as provide the necessary reconnaissance capa bilities to defend against and respond to the adversary's network, elec tronic, and psychological attacks against components of the firepower warfare operational system
topThe information operations reconnaissance system [ ] provides strategic and battlefield reconnaissance of the adver sary's various electronic platforms, information networks, and psycho logical nodes
topPsychological reconnaissance [ ] focuses on the adver sary's susceptibility to various psychological warfare operations and monitors attempts by the adversary to conduct psychological warfare operations
topPsychological reconnaissance [ ] focuses on the adver sary's susceptibility to various psychological warfare operations and monitors attempts by the adversary to conduct psychological warfare operations
top... reconnaissance system [ ] provides strategic and battlefield reconnaissance of the adver sary's various electronic platforms, information networks, and psycho logical nodes.
top... system [ ] provides strategic and battlefield reconnaissance of the adver sary's various electronic platforms, information networks, and psycho logical nodes.
topThe intelligence acquisition system [ ] is either another name for the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system, detailed elsewhere in this chapter...
top... the com mand information system's interface to access, control, and oversee these various intelligence platforms and units of the operational sys tem's reconnaissance intelligence system.67.
top... alternatively, the com mand information system's interface to access, control, and oversee these various intelligence platforms and units of the operational sys tem's reconnaissance intelligence system.67
top[that] implement command" among subordinate units.49 These systems are able to access, process, and transmit real-time operational information.50 Fed by various intel ligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets, subordinate PLA units, and other command information...
top... access, process, and transmit real-time operational information.50 Fed by various intel ligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets, subordinate PLA units, and other command information systems, this system fuses data and communication to allow operational commanders to effectively imple ment C2.51 Command...
top... subordinate PLA units, and other command information systems, this system fuses data and communication to allow operational commanders to effectively imple ment C2.51 Command information systems are resident in all com mand posts, at all levels of command, and even with many operational units
topThe intelligence department [ ] supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41...
top... system.41 The intelli gence department's functions are to (1) develop recommendations for reconnaissance intelligence support, (2) draft reconnaissance intel ligence plans, (3) organize and coordinate campaign reconnaissance intelligence support activities, (4) evaluate and organize joint intelli gence information...
top... implement command" among subordinate units.49 These systems are able to access, process, and transmit real-time operational information.50 Fed by various intel ligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets, subordinate PLA units, and other command information systems, this system fuses data and communication...
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range...
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower...
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123
top... carrying out the joint fire strike campaign, the firepower warfare operational system conducts offensive firepower assaults against various adversary targets to achieve (1) military deterrence; (2) crisis escalation through punitive strikes; (3) the paralysis or deg radation of enemy operational systems; (4)...
top... fire strike campaign, the firepower warfare operational system conducts offensive firepower assaults against various adversary targets to achieve (1) military deterrence; (2) crisis escalation through punitive strikes; (3) the paralysis or deg radation of enemy operational systems; (4) the destruction or sabotage...
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123
top... and maritime superiority) by helping to achieve information superiority through entity destruction attacks and by taking the lead in achieving air and sea superiority, (2) carrying out firepower blockades to support air and sea blockades, and (3) carry ing out supporting attacks against the adversary's...
top... comprises various units, platforms, and personnel and has the ability to target and attack adversary systems, units, and infrastruc ture in all physical domains while it simultaneously seeks to prevent or mitigate adversary attacks in the information and electronic domains
topThe reconnaissance intelligence system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various sensors that can detect, track, and provide situational awareness for...
top... attacks and by taking the lead in achieving air and sea superiority, (2) carrying out firepower blockades to support air and sea blockades, and (3) carry ing out supporting attacks against the adversary's operational system(Figure 4.1).9 The second function of the firepower warfare operational system in...
top... achieve information superiority through entity destruction attacks and by taking the lead in achieving air and sea superiority, (2) carrying out firepower blockades to support air and sea blockades, and (3) carry ing out supporting attacks against the adversary's operational system(Figure 4.1).9 The second function...
top... operational system comprises various units, platforms, and personnel and has the ability to target and attack adversary systems, units, and infrastruc ture in all physical domains while it simultaneously seeks to prevent or mitigate adversary attacks in the information and electronic domains
top... "three superiorities" (i.e., information, air, and maritime superiority) by helping to achieve information superiority through entity destruction attacks and by taking the lead in achieving air and sea superiority, (2) carrying out firepower blockades to support air and sea blockades, and (3) carry ing...
topThis can be done through various ways, including (1) supporting the achievement of the "three superiorities" (i.e., information, air, and maritime superiority) by helping to achieve information superiority through entity destruction attacks and by taking the...
top... previously mentioned.39 It likely includes the operational system's information acquisition and information transmission network, C2 network, and firepower strike network.40 It should be mentioned that striking the operational archi tecture is a target-heavy approach that could require numerous suc cessfully executed...
topWhen carrying out the joint fire strike campaign, the firepower warfare operational system conducts offensive firepower assaults against various adversary targets to achieve (1) military deterrence;...
topWhen carrying out joint firepower operations in support of vari ous campaigns, the firepower warfare operational system's functions are the first to conduct firepower strikes against the adversary's opera...
top... vari ous campaigns, the firepower warfare operational system's functions are the first to conduct firepower strikes against the adversary's opera tional and strategic depth.
top... acquisition and information transmission network, C2 network, and firepower strike network.40 It should be mentioned that striking the operational archi tecture is a target-heavy approach that could require numerous suc cessfully executed precision strikes against various components arrayed around a broad battlefield
topEarly-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206 There...
topIt does this through the hardware of computer servers as well as various software applications, including artifi cial intelligence technology, image processing technology, and infor mation fusion.286 The information processing platform has two main subsystems:
top... communication systems to achieve the "unimpeded flow of communication" between the command organization system and subordinate units.259 Commu nications support makes use of a variety of fixed and mobile commu nications equipment and uses fiber-optic cables, microwaves, satellite, radio, troposcatter,...
top... military-civilian communication systems to achieve the "unimpeded flow of communication" between the command organization system and subordinate units.259 Commu nications support makes use of a variety of fixed and mobile commu nications equipment and uses fiber-optic cables, microwaves, satellite, radio, troposcatter,...
top... fiber-optic cables, microwaves, satellite, radio, troposcatter, and airborne communications as the channels to transmit data.260 Because of the threat of wiretapping, electronic jam ming, computer network attack, and conventional destructive attacks, communications support also requires setting up necessary defenses...
top... destructive attacks, communications support also requires setting up necessary defenses to mitigate such attacks to ensure efficient communications in wartime.261 This support, according to some sources, is part of the information support system, explored in the next section
top... Carried out by communications support units of various services, it includes the setting up and maintenance of multiple, redundant con nections between trunk nodes and military-civilian communication systems to achieve the "unimpeded flow of communication" between the command organization system and...
top... Commu nications support makes use of a variety of fixed and mobile commu nications equipment and uses fiber-optic cables, microwaves, satellite, radio, troposcatter, and airborne communications as the channels to transmit data.260 Because of the threat of wiretapping, electronic jam ming, computer network attack,...
top... information-based networks, and enemy personnel's morale in the electronic, information, and psychological realms.141 Such attacks can be conducted by various nonkinetic, kinetic, or psychological means.
top... information-based networks, and individual's morale in the electronic, information, and psychological realms.172 Such damage can be caused by numerous and various nonkinetic, kinetic, or psychological attacks.
topThe information defense system's [ ] purpose is to pre vent or mitigate damage to information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and individual's morale in the electronic, information,...
topThe information defense system's [ ] purpose is to pre vent or mitigate damage to information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and individual's...
topThe information attack system's [ ] purpose is to degrade, damage, or destroy enemy information, information-based systems, information-based networks, and enemy personnel's...
topIts purpose is to wage information warfare while defending against adversary attacks in the cyber, electronic, and cognitive domains.16 It includes:
top... mation transmission to enable "the unimpeded transmission of opera tional command, coordination, rear and reporting information."258 Carried out by communications support units of various services, it includes the setting up and maintenance of multiple, redundant con nections between trunk nodes and military-civilian...
topThe firepower strike system of the firepower warfare operational system comprises various units, platforms, and personnel and has the ability to target and attack...
topCoastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's...
topThe ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances
topShore-to-ship missiles [ ] aim to strike enemy naval surface vessels from ground-based launch positions. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121
topCoastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122
topThe ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances
topShore-to-ship missiles [ ] aim to strike enemy naval surface vessels from ground-based launch positions. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121
topCoastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122
topCoastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy...
topThe ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances.
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122.
top... PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium and close-range firepower zones.123.
topCoastal artillery [ ] defends ports, fortresses, and impor tant coastal areas. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the...
top... PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the shore to-ship missiles'function is to target enemy ships that are located in the long-range firepower zone.121.
topWithin the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the coast artillery's function is to target enemy ships in the medium-range firepower zone.122.
topThe ground artillery [ ] aim within the antisea fire system is to defend ports, fortresses, important coastal areas, and harbor entrances. Within the PLA's conceptualization of various antisea fire zones, the ground artillery's function...
topAlthough Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military...
top... newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics related to either the PLA's system of systems or how the PLA perceives articles other militaries'system of systems.
top... Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature,...
topSpace operations group [ ]: The purpose of this group is to achieve strategic or campaign goals through com manding relevant space units. This group commands the PLA's various space units dedicated to the operation or campaign being prosecuted.24
top... late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics related to either the PLA's system of systems or how the PLA perceives articles...
topAlthough Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources...
topThe intelligence department [ ] supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41 The intelli gence department's functions are to (1) develop recommendations for reconnaissance intelligence support, (2) draft...
topThe operations department [ ] is responsible for sup porting the commander in managing and evaluating the various func tions of the operational system in its prosecution of the campaign, making sure each...
top... other opera tions departments.39 The operations department's functions are to (1) fully understand the current battlefield situation, (2) develop situ ation reports, (3) draft campaign plans, (4) draft and transmit oper ational orders, (5) coordinate major operational activities between various strategic...
topFor example, the main command post's operations department helps plan and organize all campaign opera tions for an entire operational system, service, or operations group.
topThe operations department [ ] is responsible for sup porting the commander in managing and evaluating the various func tions of the operational system in its prosecution of the campaign, making sure each function...
top... functions are to (1) fully understand the current battlefield situation, (2) develop situ ation reports, (3) draft campaign plans, (4) draft and transmit oper ational orders, (5) coordinate major operational activities between various strategic directions and joint operations activities, (6) develop operational...
topThe operations department [ ] is responsible for sup porting the commander in managing and evaluating the various func tions of the operational system in its prosecution of the campaign, making sure each function is coordinated both internally with other levels and externally...
topWhen carrying out the joint fire strike campaign, the firepower warfare operational system conducts offensive firepower assaults against various adversary targets to achieve (1) military deterrence; (2) crisis escalation...
top... system conducts offensive firepower assaults against various adversary targets to achieve (1) military deterrence; (2) crisis escalation through punitive strikes; (3) the paralysis or deg radation of enemy operational systems; (4) the destruction or sabotage of important adversarial military, political, or economic...
topNaval campaign groups [ ] aim to carry out vari ous offensive and defensive campaign tasks.117 Based on the campaign and campaign conditions, these naval groups'functions are to engage in (1) naval...
topThese satellites also locate and track various military targets in poor weather and nighttime con ditions.198. Ocean surveillance satellites [ ] detect, identify, and track surface ships and submarines through either electronic reconnaissance...
top... military deterrence; (2) crisis escalation through punitive strikes; (3) the paralysis or deg radation of enemy operational systems; (4) the destruction or sabotage of important adversarial military, political, or economic targets; and (5) the undermining of the adversary's morale.8
top... consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers...
topThe military information infrastructure [ ], also known as the information support system, links all command tiers, units, and systems within the operational system with voice and data trans...
top... storage capabili ties, and prevents and responds to unauthorized use of data on the network.64 The military information infrastructure is managed by the communications department of the main command post and is made up of various communications networks that are strategic or tactical, fixed or mobile, and military or...
topThe military information infrastructure [ ], also known as the information support system, links all command tiers, units, and systems within the operational system...
top... is managed by the communications department of the main command post and is made up of various communications networks that are strategic or tactical, fixed or mobile, and military or civil.
topThe strategic communication network [ ] encom passes the largely fixed communications infrastructure linking the supreme command with the various services, theater commands, and command posts
topThe strategic communication network [ ] encom passes the largely fixed communications infrastructure linking the supreme command with the various services, theater commands, and command posts.
top... managed by the communications department of the main command post and is made up of various communications networks that are strategic or tactical, fixed or mobile, and military or civil.
topThe strategic communication network [ ] encom passes the largely fixed communications infrastructure linking the supreme command with the various services, theater commands, and command posts
topThe strategic communication network [ ] encom passes the largely fixed communications infrastructure linking the supreme command with the various services, theater commands, and command posts
top... unimpeded transmission of opera tional command, coordination, rear and reporting information."258 Carried out by communications support units of various services, it includes the setting up and maintenance of multiple, redundant con nections between trunk nodes and military-civilian communication systems to achieve...
top... flow of communication" between the command organization system and subordinate units.259 Commu nications support makes use of a variety of fixed and mobile commu nications equipment and uses fiber-optic cables, microwaves, satellite, radio, troposcatter, and airborne communications as the channels to transmit...
top... out by communications support units of various services, it includes the setting up and maintenance of multiple, redundant con nections between trunk nodes and military-civilian communication systems to achieve the "unimpeded flow of communication" between the command organization system and subordinate...
topIt consists of fiber, cable, microwave, shortwave, and satellite communications nodes and is broadly composed of the national defense communication network, the spacewide area commu nication network, the cooperative communication network;...
top... as the channels to transmit data.260 Because of the threat of wiretapping, electronic jam ming, computer network attack, and conventional destructive attacks, communications support also requires setting up necessary defenses to mitigate such attacks to ensure efficient communications in wartime.261 This support,...
topThe information confrontation system of the firepower warfare operational system is focused on defending the components of thissystem from an enemy's information attack and comprises electronic, network, and psychological defense capabilities
top... about the firepower warfare oper ational system from a 2003 source and what can be implied from more-recent sources, this system comprises the five major subsystems discussed at length earlier: the command system, the firepower strike system, information confrontation system, the reconnaissance intelligence system,...
top... can be implied from more-recent sources, this system comprises the five major subsystems discussed at length earlier: the command system, the firepower strike system, information confrontation system, the reconnaissance intelligence system, and the support system
topFor example, the PLA has yet to achieve a space-based early-warning satellite capability, similar to the space based infrared system that the United States possesses, yet this is dis cussed as a component of the space...
topFor example, the PLA has yet to achieve a space-based early-warning satellite capability, similar to the space based infrared system that the United States possesses, yet this is dis cussed as a component of the space reconnaissance intelligence sys tem.10 While the existence of major systems is relatively...
top... to the space based infrared system that the United States possesses, yet this is dis cussed as a component of the space reconnaissance intelligence sys tem.10 While the existence of major systems is relatively easy to track, other necessary components of the operational system may be less so
topThe space reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from space-based platforms.
topThe ground reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms.
topThe space reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from space-based platforms
topThe ground reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms
topThe space reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from space-based platforms.
top... intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms.
topThe ground reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms.
top... reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] aims to provide national strategic reconnaissance, battlefield reconnais sance, and early warning from mobile and fixed ground-based plat forms.
topThis text categorizes the subsystems by the loca tion of the sensors for reconnaissance intelligence assets in the vari ous domains, both physical and informational.191 These component systems are the space reconnaissance intelligence system, the "near space" reconnaissance...
topThe reconnaissance intelligence system [ ] of the com mand information system collects, processes, manages, and transmits intelligence information from the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system [ ], described elsewhere in this chap ter.66 It includes...
topThis text categorizes the subsystems by the loca tion of the sensors for reconnaissance intelligence assets in the vari ous domains, both physical and informational.191 These component systems are the space...
top... manages, and transmits intelligence information from the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system [ ], described elsewhere in this chap ter.66 It includes the following subsystems.
top... identify, and track surface ships and submarines through either electronic reconnaissance or radar.199. Other satellites identified as potentially augmenting reconnais sance intelligence functions include ground survey satellites [ ], meteorological reconnaissance satellites [ ], and commercial remote-sensing satellites...
top... aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206 There are a number of functions commonly associated with these types of aircraft:
topThe information operations reconnaissance system [ ] provides strategic and battlefield reconnaissance of the adver sary's various electronic platforms, information networks, and psycho logical nodes
top... UAVs do this by using the same suite of reconnaissance capabilities as reconnaissance aircraft.205. Early-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206...
topEarly-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206 There are a number of functions commonly associated with these types of aircraft:
topNonacoustic detection uses various technologies such as infrared, low light television, magnetic detection, and temperature to detect, iden tify, and track submarines.215
topNonacoustic detection uses various technologies such as infrared, low light television, magnetic detection, and temperature to detect, iden tify, and track submarines.215.
topNonacoustic detection uses various technologies such as infrared, low light television, magnetic detection, and temperature to detect, iden tify, and track submarines.215
topNonacoustic detection uses various technologies such as infrared, low light television, magnetic detection, and temperature to detect, iden tify, and track submarines.215
top... similar to the space based infrared system that the United States possesses, yet this is dis cussed as a component of the space reconnaissance intelligence sys tem.10 While the existence of major systems is relatively easy to track, other necessary components of the operational system may be less so
topThe antisubmarine sonar reconnaissance network [ ] aims to provide reconnaissance and surveillance of submarine operations through water-acoustic detection.
topFurthermore, it is tasked with providing reconnaissance on the adversary's (1) vari ous radio, sonar, radar, and network and navigation systems and their respective dispositions; (2) command posts and C2 systems; and (3) psychological...
topThe sea-based component of this network includes radar, sonar, and elec tronic reconnaissance from naval surface ships, ship-based aircraft and UAVs, and submarines that are either surfaced or at periscope depth.
topThe sea-based component of this network includes radar, sonar, and elec tronic reconnaissance from naval surface ships, ship-based aircraft and UAVs, and submarines that are either surfaced or at periscope depth
top... characteristics of enemy naval vessels."224 Functions include intercepting the frequencies and bearings of sound emissions and analyzing these characteris tics for identification.225.
top... reconnaissance [ ] intercepts enemy underwater communications, underwater control and guidance signals, and sonar to understand the characteristics of these sys tems and to "determine the types and characteristics of enemy naval vessels."224 Functions include intercepting the frequencies and bearings of sound...
top... platforms (e.g., for operations, reconnaissance, information warfare), and equipment to display various information sources, including live video teleconfer ence, maps, and the COP, which shows the dispositions and actions of friendly and enemy forces in real time.57 For the command post system, this includes the...
topmicrowave, and high-energy laser attacks.188 The functions of antide struction are (1) detecting incoming strikes before they occur; (2) using camouflage, concealment, decoys, and jamming equipment...
top... spaces to house information systems and facilities; and shielding equipment and cables leading into underground facilities against electromagnetic pulse weapons.189.
top... specialized command platforms (e.g., for operations, reconnaissance, information warfare), and equipment to display various information sources, including live video teleconfer ence, maps, and the COP, which shows the dispositions and actions of friendly and enemy forces in real time.57 For the command post system,...
top... computer net works, command platforms, specialized command platforms (e.g., for operations, reconnaissance, information warfare), and equipment to display various information sources, including live video teleconfer ence, maps, and the COP, which shows the dispositions and actions of friendly and enemy forces in...
top... command platforms (e.g., for operations, reconnaissance, information warfare), and equipment to display various information sources, including live video teleconfer ence, maps, and the COP, which shows the dispositions and actions of friendly and enemy forces in real time.57 For the command post system, this includes...
topThis includes "the operating frequency of enemy communication equipment, spectrum struc ture, modulation methods. and communication protocols."220 Functions of communications reconnaissance include discovering and determining the characteristics...
topThis includes "the operating frequency of enemy communication equipment, spectrum struc ture, modulation methods. and communication protocols."220 Functions of communications reconnaissance include discovering and determining the characteristics...
top... analyzes the capabilities, types, and locations of the adversary's radars, communications platforms, electro-optical systems, navigation equipment, sonars, and acoustic emissions.217 The functions are listed below.
topThis includes "the operating frequency of enemy communication equipment, spectrum struc ture, modulation methods. and communication protocols."220 Functions of communications reconnaissance include discovering and determining the characteristics and...
top... communication protocols."220 Functions of communications reconnaissance include discovering and determining the characteristics and capabilities of the ene my's communication network
topEarly-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206...
topEarly-warning aircraft [ ] aim to detect and track adver sary aircraft and/or ground forces and provide airborne command, control, communications, and intelligence to various friendly air and ground assets.206...
top... reconnaissance [ ] intercepts enemy underwater communications, underwater control and guidance signals, and sonar to understand the characteristics of these sys tems and to "determine the types and characteristics of enemy naval vessels."224 Functions include intercepting the frequencies and bearings...
topUnderwater acoustic reconnaissance [ ] intercepts enemy underwater communications, underwater control and guidance signals, and sonar to understand the characteristics of these sys tems and to "determine the types and characteristics of enemy naval vessels."224 Functions include...
topUnderwater acoustic reconnaissance [ ] intercepts enemy underwater communications, underwater control and guidance signals, and sonar to understand the characteristics of these sys tems and to "determine...
top... reconnaissance [ ] finds, identifies, and analyzes the enemy's communications network (i.e., what the disposition of enemy communications is, what communica tion systems are in use, and what the communication network's capabilities are) and identifies the parameters of how the enemy's communications network...
top... command organization system and the number of tiers of command it contains, subordinate informa tion operations departments would be also be attached to a service's basic campaign formation (two-tier system) in a medium-scale cam paign and possibly a service's high-level campaign formation/campaign direction...
topThe intelligence department [ ] supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41 The intelli gence department's functions are to (1) develop recommendations...
topOther units: In addition to command, reconnaissance intel ligence, and general support functions, numerous other units are available to directly and solely support the land operational system as required by...
topThe intelligence department [ ] supports the com mander in managing and evaluating the various functions of the operational system's reconnaissance intelligence system.41 The intelli gence department's...
top... report relied on the collection, synthesis, and analysis of numerous Chinese military publications, including newspapers, journal articles, books, and defense white papers.
top... is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics...
topThe approach for this report relied on the collection, synthesis, and analysis of numerous Chinese military publications, including newspapers, journal articles, books, and defense white papers
top... Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA sources - including multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign...
top... multiple defense white papers, doctrinally informed campaign literature, PLA newspapers, and journal articles by senior PLA officers - discuss numerous and various topics related to either the PLA's system of systems or how the PLA perceives articles other militaries'system of systems
top... available in the literature, newspaper, and journal articles aimed at the PLA's rank-and-file members, as well as professional military education textbooks aimed at its future corps of senior officers.
topThe approach for this report relied on the collection, synthesis, and analysis of numerous Chinese military publications, including newspapers, journal articles, books, and defense white papers
topChina is even pursuing a systems-based approach to war fighting, and, as this report argues, this approach is now incorporated into its theory of victory in the form of what is referred to as system destruction warfare...
topTo date, most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the hardware capabilities that the PLA has developed or is developing
top... most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the hardware capabilities that the PLA has developed or is developing.
topTo date, most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the hardware capabilities that the PLA has developed or is developing
topTo date, most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the...
top... defeated if its operational system can be ren dered ineffective or outright unable to function through the destruc tion or degradation of key capabilities, weapons, or units that compose the system.
top... In this new reality, an enemy can be defeated if its operational system can be ren dered ineffective or outright unable to function through the destruc tion or degradation of key capabilities, weapons, or units that compose the system
top... military forces, but rather a clash between opposing operational systems.3 In this new reality, an enemy can be defeated if its operational system can be ren dered ineffective or outright unable to function through the destruc tion or degradation of key capabilities, weapons, or units that compose the system
topThe 1991 Gulf War and the 1999 Kosovo War demonstrated to the PLA that paralyzing the functions of an enemy's operational system does not require the annihilation of the enemy's operational forces in the field.28 Instead, functional...
topThe 1991 Gulf War and the 1999 Kosovo War demonstrated to the PLA that paralyzing the functions of an enemy's operational system does not require the annihilation of the enemy's operational...
top... become disrupted, and/or if necessary procedures become disordered.29 Yet, to accomplish this, military planners must first understand "the degree of influence" that any targeted aspect may have on the functionality and reliability of the enemy's overall operational system, so as to recognize where "bottlenecks"...
topUnlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations.
topUnlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations.
topUnlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations.. . Command System. . The PLA's command system [ ] is the component system responsible for C2 within the operational...
topUnlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations.
topUnlike the general template presented here, these purpose-built operational sys tems are tailored specifically to carry out different campaigns or sup porting campaign operations.. . Command System. . The PLA's command system [ ] is the component system responsible for C2 within the operational system (Figure...
top... command system [ ] is the component system responsible for C2 within the operational system (Figure 3.1).5 For an operational system developed to carry out military campaigns at the theater level and lower, the command system would be responsible for commanding at a theater level down to a relatively low operational...
topAlthough Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military literature since the late 1990s.1 Hundreds of official PLA...
topWhile the literature sheds light on certain operational systems, it does not provide a comprehensive scope of the entire range of likely opera tional systems.2 What should be apparent to the scholar of PLA stud ies is how similar the names of many of these systems are to specific known campaign types
topFinally, it looks at how the PLA builds its own system or systems - the operational system [ ] - to prosecute conflict in wartime, recognizing that such systems are specifically built and optimized for specific tasks within particular conflicts against particular opponents to meet...
topAs the PLA currently envisages itself fighting and winning "informatized local wars" [ ], it is thus highly likely that this operational system would figure into almost any conceivable conflict contingency.11
topThis force is a direct recognition that the PLA must effectively compete in these domains - or, at least, not lose - and to achieve war-fighting objectives in future conflict.
topAs a result, according to PLA publications, modern war fare is now properly characterized as a conflict waged between adver sarial operational systems.
topBased on its very nature, this specific type of armed conflict of systems versus systems is termed by the PLA as sys tems confrontation [ ].4 The prominence that systems confron tation has attained in PLA thinking cannot be understated
top... this specific type of armed conflict of systems versus systems is termed by the PLA as sys tems confrontation [ ].4 The prominence that systems confron tation has attained in PLA thinking cannot be understated.
topBased on its very nature, this specific type of armed conflict of systems versus systems is termed by the PLA as sys tems confrontation [ ].4 The prominence that systems confron tation has attained in PLA thinking cannot be understated
top... developing a highly integrated operational system comprising entities, structure, and elements is that such a system is thought to become greater than the sum of its subsystem parts.21 Should the functions of any subsystem become severely degraded, damaged, or destroyed, however, the same operational system...
top... highly integrated operational system comprising entities, structure, and elements is that such a system is thought to become greater than the sum of its subsystem parts.21 Should the functions of any subsystem become severely degraded, damaged, or destroyed, however, the same operational system can become less...
top... tory, the enemy "loses the will and ability to resist" once its opera tional system cannot function.26 Paralysis can occur through kinetic and nonkinetic attacks, as either type of attack may be able to destroy or degrade key aspects of the enemy's operational system, thus render ing it ineffective
topRelatively recent literature suggests that that PLA planners spe cifically seek to strike four types of targets, through either kinetic or nonkinetic attacks, when attempting to paralyze the enemy's opera tional system
top... enemy "loses the will and ability to resist" once its opera tional system cannot function.26 Paralysis can occur through kinetic and nonkinetic attacks, as either type of attack may be able to destroy or degrade key aspects of the enemy's operational system, thus render ing it ineffective
topRelatively recent literature suggests that that PLA planners spe cifically seek to strike four types of targets, through either kinetic or nonkinetic attacks, when attempting to paralyze the enemy's opera tional system.
top... warfare [ ].24 In general, system destruction warfare seeks to paralyze the functions of an enemy's operational system.25 According to this theory of vic tory, the enemy "loses the will and ability to resist" once its opera tional system cannot function.26 Paralysis can occur through kinetic and...
topWhile the PLA's theory of warfare embraces the concept of sys tems confrontation, its theory of victory in modern warfare is based on successfully waging system destruction warfare [ ].24 In general, system destruction...
topRelatively recent literature suggests that that PLA planners spe cifically seek to strike four types of targets, through either kinetic or nonkinetic attacks, when attempting to paralyze the enemy's opera tional system
topWhile the PLA's theory of warfare embraces the concept of sys tems confrontation, its theory of victory in modern warfare is based on successfully waging system destruction warfare [ ].24 In general, system destruction...
top... failure of modern joint integrated operations hinges on the "superiority or inferiority of the systems" themselves, and the "suitability or unsuitability of opera tional guidance" controlling the operational system.23
topIndeed, the system-of-systems construct is the mode of war fighting for the PLA. Although Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system of systems is extensive and has been a major feature of Chinese military...
topChina is even pursuing a systems-based approach to war fighting, and, as this report argues, this approach is now incorporated into its theory of victory in the form of what is referred to...
topIndeed, the system-of-systems construct is the mode of war fighting for the PLA. Although Western PLA watchers are only beginning to recognize its importance, consid eration of system...
topTo date, most assessments of how the PLA conducts military operations and war fighting have focused on either the campaigns that the PLA might wage and/or the hardware capabilities that the PLA has developed...