Complex Event Analysis - Report

Complex Event Analysis - REPORT

Supporting narratives:

• challenge (Read more)
• Though experts say there is now evidence that the presence of antibodies results in some immunity to the virus that causes Covid-19, there are still many unknowns, such as what level of antibodies is needed for protection and how long any immunity lasts.
  For a closer look at all of these issues, we asked experts what we know.and don't know.about the tests.
  
  Antibody tests sample your blood to see if your body has produced antibodies
• High Level Abstractions:
• (experts,virus)
• (unknowns,virus)
• (antibodies,covid-19)
• (covid-19,virus)
• (covid-19,unknowns)
• (covid-19,experts)
• (antibodies,virus)
• Inferred entity relationships (6)

  (antibodies,covid-19,microgram) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,mrna-1273) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,vaccine) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,early-stage) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,micrograms) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,moderna) [inferred]

• challenge (Read more)
• If so, for how long.
  Experts say recent studies have concluded that antibodies provide some level of protection or immunity from getting the virus again. What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity.
  Experts say based on similar viruses, the assumption is an adequate level of antibodies could result in immunity lasting for months up to a year or two but more studies need to be done.
  Most antibody studies were conducted in severely ill people hospitalized for Covid-19, with only a few studies on those with more minor illness, says Amy Karger, an assistant professor in laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota Medical School.
  A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
  
  What is the value of antibody tests right now.
  From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate
• High Level Abstractions:
• (antibodies,virus)

• challenge (Read more)
• What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity.
  Experts say based on similar viruses, the assumption is an adequate level of antibodies could result in immunity lasting for months up to a year or two but more studies need to be done.
  Most antibody studies were conducted in severely ill people hospitalized for Covid-19, with only a few studies on those with more minor illness, says Amy Karger, an assistant professor in laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota Medical School.
  A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
  
  What is the value of antibody tests right now.
  From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate
• High Level Abstractions:
• (covid-19,not-yet-published)
• (experts,virus)
• (covid-19,university)
• (covid-19,virus)
• (public-health,virus)
• (antibodies,covid-19)
• (university,virus)
• (not-yet-published,virus)
• (covid-19,public-health)
• Inferred entity relationships (6)

  (antibodies,covid-19,microgram) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,mrna-1273) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,vaccine) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,early-stage) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,micrograms) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,moderna) [inferred]

• challenge (Read more)
• What remains unknown is how long that protection lasts and what level of antibodies is needed for immunity.
  Experts say based on similar viruses, the assumption is an adequate level of antibodies could result in immunity lasting for months up to a year or two but more studies need to be done.
  Most antibody studies were conducted in severely ill people hospitalized for Covid-19, with only a few studies on those with more minor illness, says Amy Karger, an assistant professor in laboratory medicine and pathology at the University of Minnesota Medical School.
  A not-yet-published study from Mount Sinai researchers found that people who have Covid-19 and have mild symptoms still produce robust levels of antibodies.
  
  What is the value of antibody tests right now.
  From a public-health perspective, experts say, the tests are crucial for determining the country's and local communities'rate of infection of the virus, and the true mortality rate.
• High Level Abstractions:
• (covid-19,infection)
• (infection,virus)

• challenge (Read more)
• Instead, they can determine whether you had a previous infection.
  How is that different from a diagnostic test.
  Diagnostic tests tell you whether you are currently infected with Covid-19. Typically, a swab is used that pushes far back into the nose to get a mucus sample. The test can detect genetic material from the virus, says David Walt, a professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
  What is an antibody.
  Any antibody is a protein produced by the immune system, designed to bind to particular proteins on the virus
• High Level Abstractions:
• (covid-19,swab)
• (covid-19,mucus)

• WIP (Read more)
• Karger says most tests aren't reporting such information to consumers because it's not yet clear what the numbers mean.
  The final type of antibody test is a neutralizing assay which is a highly complex and expensive method usually only used in a research setting. Such tests only measure one type of antibody.the neutralizing antibodies that block the virus and are thought to confer protective immunity.
  What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
  Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity
• High Level Abstractions:
• (antibodies,virus)

• WIP (Read more)
• On an individual level, the tests can determine whether a person had an infection of the virus that causes Covid-19.
  The CDC warns that the tests shouldn't be used at this point for decisions, such as when employees return to the workplace.
  But experts like Joshua Weitz, professor of biological sciences and director of the interdisciplinary quantitative biosciences graduate program at Georgia Tech, say planning for how to best use information from high-quality serological tests to reduce chains of transmission should start now.
  "If companies and individuals do decide to act I would hope they do so knowing they should revisit their decisions with follow-up testing every few months," says Dr. Weitz.
  Gauging Quality
  Where can I get an antibody test.
  The FDA has approved about 15 tests and the numbers are growing
• High Level Abstractions:
• (covid-19,virus)
• (infection,virus)
• (experts,virus)
• (covid-19,serological)
• (serological,virus)

• WIP (Read more)
• People who were sick but never got a Covid-19 test want to see if they did have the virus.in hopes that they may have some protection from future infection. Public health authorities are deploying the tests to help determine how widely the virus has spread
• High Level Abstractions:
• (infection,virus)

• WIP (Read more)
• Such tests only measure one type of antibody.the neutralizing antibodies that block the virus and are thought to confer protective immunity.
  What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
  Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity.
• High Level Abstractions:
• (specificity,virus)
• (positive,virus)

• WIP (Read more)
• Such tests only measure one type of antibody.the neutralizing antibodies that block the virus and are thought to confer protective immunity.
  What's the risk of a high false positive or false negative rate.
  Test makers try to balance specificity with sensitivity
• High Level Abstractions:
• (risk,virus)

• WIP (Read more)
• If so, for how long.
  Experts say recent studies have concluded that antibodies provide some level of protection or immunity from getting the virus again.
• High Level Abstractions:
• (antibodies,covid-19)
• Inferred entity relationships (6)

  (antibodies,covid-19,microgram) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,mrna-1273) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,vaccine) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,early-stage) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,micrograms) [inferred]

  (antibodies,covid-19,moderna) [inferred]

• WIP (Read more)
• Instead, they can determine whether you had a previous infection.
  How is that different from a diagnostic test.
  Diagnostic tests tell you whether you are currently infected with Covid-19
• High Level Abstractions:
• (covid-19,infection)

Target rule match count: 28.0 Challenge: 0.29 Momentum: 0.00 WIP: 0.21